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Khangaþyagon Nouns

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Roots

The root of a noun is singular and may be used as the subject or object of the verb - the two roles are distinguished syntactically.

The root may be followed by segunakar of up to six ranks. Each rank of segunak performs a particular grammatical role, and complex combinations of segunakar of different ranks are possible. Similar noun systems are found in Daghestanian languages.

The term "case" is not used in relation to Khangaþyagon nouns - the sheer variety of different grammatical forms a noun can take means that it isn't a very useful concept.

The ranks of segunakar are given below in the order they follow the root.

modsegunakar

These are deixis markers. They often occur when a noun is modified by a subordinate clause. They also take the place of relative and interrogative pronouns, which Khangaþyagon lacks.

il
this
rikil
this man
ban
that
rikban
that man
dau
what
rikdau
what man, who
she
no
rikshe
no man
wo
any
rikwo
any man
ye
Vocative deixis. Marks the noun as referring to the person addressed when it occurs in any role other than the subject of a second person sentence (which obviously refers to the addressee, so isn't marked).
rikye
You, man

densegunakar

Proximity markers. In the noun phrase A B-densegunak, the densegunak indicates how closely A is associated with B.

ut
at, exactly colocated
tirrut
at the village
eb
in contact, touching
mageb
touching a tree
magileb
touching this tree
art
with (commitative, not instrumental)
sarmneart
with a friend
ash
without
brakhtash
without a wand
erkifwo'ash
without any grain
iss
near
þoaiss
near the sea
orr
far
relgorr
far from the house

radsegunakar

Position markers. A B-radsegunak indicates where A is in relation to B.

ip
in
tirrip
in the village
sta
outside
tirrsta
outside the village
magebsta
touching the outside of the tree
omb
around
tirromb
around the village
slenna'utomb
made of clay. This is more idiomatic than most combinations of segunakar, and appears to be a metaphorical extension that turned out to be more useful than the literal meaning.
gri
above
morgagri
above the head
banilebgri
upon this rock
od
below
seldaod
under the water
shing
left
oskelshing
left of the boat
hop
beside
tens'hop
beside the seat
urþ
right
oskelurþ
right of the boat
oskelissurþ
close to the right of the boat
æks
alligned with
pirræks
in line with the sun
tuk
in front of
zeultuk
in front of the fool
ðen
behind
tensðen
behind the seat
talpbanorrðen
beyond that mountain

karvsegunakar

Sense of motion

am
destination
tirram
to the village
seldaipam
into the water
talpilebgriam
onto this mountain
ig
origin
tirrig
from the village
talpgriig
from above the mountain
gu
path
oplen'gu
through the glade
yapebgu
along the wall
magbangrigu
over that tree

sintsegunakar

Abstract relationships

uz
of
glafuz
of the horse, the horse's
markwouz
any chief's
ol
by (instrumental)
glæstæpontol
by conjuration
akh
to (recipient)
pohakh
to the woman
ku
about. Also used as a topic marker in indirect discourse
rikku
about a man
ung
for (benefactive)
vlakhung
for the people
zen
on behalf of
markzen
on behalf of the chief
aug
for (goal, reason)
parushkaug
for a purpose
bengilaug
for this reason, therefore
yat
against
khredemyat
against an enemy

bantsegunak

Number

(a)r
Plural. The a appears epenthetically when following a consonant
pidagor
palms of the hands
enilorrðenar
beyond these things
magyeissgrigur
just over the tops of you trees

Paradigm Summary

The form of the noun is therefore

stem+[deixis]+{[proximity]+[position]+[motion],[abstract]}+[number]

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Verbs Morphology Adjectives