Ejective/Inventories

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Main table

Four particular inventories appear to be particularly common, each of them found in more than five languages from more than three separate families; these are also given in bold in the table below.

  1. /pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ/
  2. /pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/
  3. /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/
  4. /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/

We see already from this that ejectives are especially likely to occur in languages that have either a uvular series of consonants, or two or more series of affricate consonants.

coronals 1 dorsal 2 dorsals 3 dorsals 4 dorsals ∑
0 /qʼ/ (Hamer) 1
1 no /pʼ/ (/tʼ kʼ/?)
/tsʼ tʃʼ/ (Aari) 		/tʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (proposed for glottalic PIE)

/tʼ kʼ qʼ/ (examples?)
/tsʼ kxʼ qχʼ/ (Nǁng, sans clicks)

2
/pʼ/ /pʼ tʼ kʼ/ (Nisenan, Waimoa) /pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ/ (examples?) 2
2 no /pʼ/ /tʼ tsʼ kʼ/ (reconstructed Akkadian)

/tʼ tsʼ~tʃʼ kʼ/ (Itonama)
/tʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Selti)
/tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Tz'utujil)
/tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ/ (Sandawe)

/tʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Blin)

/tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Mpade, Zuni)

/tʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʲʼ kʷʼ/ (Chaha, Inor)

/tsʼ tʃʼ cʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Hausa)

11
/pʼ/ /pʼ pʷʼ t̪ʼ tʼ kʼ/ (Venda)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ/ (examples?)
/pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Kawésqar, Kiowa, Maidu, Oromo, Vilela, Wolaytta)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (examples?)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Maka)
/pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Taos, Yurok)
/pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ kxʼ/ (Zulu)
/pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Atsugewi, Aymara, Itelmen, Klamath, Quechua, Tehuelche)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ/ (Coast Salish) /pʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ kʷʼ qχʼ qχʷʼ/ (Lillooet)

/pʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Shuswap)

20
3 no /pʼ/ /t̪ʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ/ (Trumai)

/t̪ʼ sʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Tigre)
/tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Caddo, Otomi)

/tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Haida, Koyukon)

/tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/ (K'iche')
/tʼ sʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Xamtanga)
/tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Kw'adza)

9
/pʼ/ /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Amharic, Shasta, Takelma, Tzeltal (+etc. Mayan))

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ ʈʼ kʼ/ (Valley Yokuts)
/pʼ tʼ sʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Dime, Shabo)
/pʼ tʼ sʼ tɕʼ kʼ/ (Chara)

/pʼ t̪ʼ sʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Tigrinya)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Ossetian)
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Chechen, Georgian, Puelche, Kubachi, Ventureño)
/pʼ tʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ qχʼ/ (Wintu)
/pʼ tsʼ tʃʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ kxʼ kxʷʼ/ (Hadza)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Chipaya)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ/ (Dargwa)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Nez Perce, Nuxálk) 21
4 no /pʼ/ /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Navajo + other South Athabaskan)

/tʼ (t)θʼ (t)sʼ (t)ɬʼ kʼ/ (reconstructed Proto-Semitic)

/tʼ tsʼ sʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Mazahua)

/tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Sekani)
/tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Dena'ina, Eyak)
/tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ kʼ kʲʼ/ (Mam)
/tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Akatek)

/tθʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ/ (Tahltan)
 /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Tillamook)

(Tlingit, see below)

9
/pʼ/ /pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Southern Pomo, Wappo)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Sesotho)
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ kʼ/ (Bench)

/pʼ t̪ʼ sʼ tʃʼ ʃʼ kʼ χʼ/ (Lakota)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Hanis, Hunzib, Tsez)
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʲʼ tʃʼ kʼ kxʼ/ (Xhosa)
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ tʃːʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Udi)
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ tʃʷʼ kʼ qʼ/ (Tabasaran)

/pʼ tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Halkomelem)

/pʼ tʼ tːʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ qːʼ/ (Bats)
/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Chemakum, Klallam)

/pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Quileute, Umatilla) 17
5 no /pʼ/ /tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/ (Slavey)

[θʼ tʼ sʼ ɬʼ ʃʼ kʼ] (Mehri; allophonic)

/tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Chipewyan) /t̪ʼ ts̪ʼ ts̱ˤʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Chilcotin) 4
/pʼ/ /pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ (Dahalo)
 /pʼ tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Saanich)

(Lezgian, see below)

2
6 no /pʼ/ /tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ tʼ kʼ/ (Gwich'in)

/tθʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ kʼ/ (Hän)

2
∑ 37 43 12 8

Systems with stop/fric contrasts

Chiwere
plosive pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ
fricative θʼ sʼ xʼ
Barbareño
plosive pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ
fricative sʼ ʃʼ xʼ

(3 coronal + 2 dorsal POAs)

Tlingit
plosive tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ
fricative sʼ ɬʼ xʼ xʷʼ χʼ χʷʼ

(4 coronal + 4 dorsal POAs)

North Caucasian 2ndary articulation batfuckery

Lak
plain pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ
labzd tʃʷʼ kʷʼ qʷʼ
Lezgian
plain pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ
labzd tʷʼ tsʷʼ kʷʼ qʷʼ
  • /pʼ fʼ tʼ tsʼ ɬʼ ɕʼ kʼ kʲʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/ (Kabardian)
Axvax
plain pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ qχʼ
tense tsːʼ tɬːʼ tʃːʼ kːʼ qχːʼ
Archi
plain pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ qʼ qˤʼ
labzd tsʷʼ tʃʷʼ kʷʼ kʟ̝̊ʷʼ qʷʼ qˤʷʼ
tense tsːʼ tʃːʼ qːʼ qːˤʼ
Xwarshi
plain pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ
labzd tʷʼ tsʷʼ tɬʷʼ tʃʷʼ kʷʼ qʷʼ
pharzd pˤʼ kˤʼ qˤʼ
labpharzd qʷˤʼ
Tsaxur
plain pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ
palzd tʲʼ tsʲʼ kʲʼ
labzd tʷʼ tsʷʼ tʃʷʼ kʷʼ qʷʼ
pharzd qˤʼ
Abxaz
plain pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ kʼ qʼ
palzd tɕʼ kʲʼ qʲʼ
lab(pal)zd tʷʼ tɕʷʼ kʷʼ qʷʼ

For Ubyx, add to this a lateral /ɬʼ/ and three pharyngealized consonants /pˤʼ qˤʼ qˤʷʼ/.

Frequency tally

'Common' 'Occasional' 'Infrequent'
Sound /kʼ/ /tʼ/ /tʃʼ/ /tsʼ/ /pʼ/ /qʼ/ /kʷʼ/ /tɬʼ/ /qʷʼ/ /sʼ/ /t̪ʼ/ /t̪θʼ/ /tʲʼ ~ cʼ ~ kʲʼ/ /tʃʷʼ/ /tʂʼ/ /tsʷʼ/
This survey 101 93 89.5 73.5 70 45 34 34 15 * 11 † 9 7 6 5 ‡ 5 3
UPSID data 63 48 44 43 44 26 23 20 11 7 16 ** 8 12 3 3 3
  • * Out of 19 languages to have both /qʼ/ and /kʷʼ/.
  • † Contrasts with /tsʼ/ in only 3 cases.
  • ‡ In only 1 case without also both of /kʷʼ qʷʼ/.
  • ** Contains a number of languages counted here as having /tʼ/.

Conlang survey

Conlangs appear rather less disposed towards containing ejective affricates, while /cʼ/ appears to be much more frequent. Attested natlang systems mark'd with "√".

  • Without affricates
    • 1 P’
      • Uranian [Wikia]: /pʼ/
      • Adpihi: /kʼ/
    • 2 Pʼ
      • Yuvlaish [Wikia]: /pʼ kʼ/
      • Kereb "v1" [KQ], Mohaisian [KQ]: /tʼ kʼ/
      • Middle Nyángar: /tʼ qʼ/
    • 3 Pʼ
    • 4 Pʼ
      • Yven [KQ]: /pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ kʼ/
      • Jamastulu: /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ/
      • "Pocketful's speedlang" [KQ]: [pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ] (allophonic)
      • Ahtialan [Wikia]: /pʼ ʈʼ cʼ qʼ/
      • Adzamasi [Linguifex]: /tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/
    • 5 Pʼ
      • Nipmel [Wikia]: /pʼ tʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ/
      • Thalassan: /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/
      • Tlaliolz [Akana]: /tʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/
    • 6+ Pʼ
      • "Lethe's Conlang" [KQ]: /pʼ tʼ sʼ cʼ kʼ xʼ/
      • Raxúl: /pʼ ɸʼ tʼ sʼ ɕʼ kʼ xʼ/
      • Xylphica [Wikkii]: /pʼ ɸʼ fʼ θʼ tʼ sʼ ʈʼ ʂʼ cʼ çʼ kʼ xʼ qʼ χʼ/
  • With affricates
    • 3 Pʼ
    • 4 Pʼ
      • Ritsushiku [Wikia]: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ/
      • Antarctican [Wikia]: [pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ] (allophonic)
      • √ Eomuji [Linguifex]: /pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ/
      • √ Ezosha [Wikia]: /tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ/
    • 5 Pʼ
      • ~√ Satnímʔa [Akana], Vardeu [KQ]: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɕʼ kʼ/ (allophonic in the former)
      • √ Naquian [Linguifex]: /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ/
      • ~√ Ktacwa [Akana]: /t’ ts’ tɕ’ k’ q’/
      • Êanglluk: [Wikia]: /tʼ tsʼ kʼ kxʼ qʼ/
    • 6 Pʼ
      • Ròmnica [Linguifex]: /pʼ pfʼ tʼ tθʼ tsʼ tʃʼ/
      • Antarctican [Linguifex]: /pʼ pʲʼ tʼ tɬʼ tɕʼ~cʼ kʼ/
      • ~√ Boot Polish [Linguifex]: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kʼ/
      • √ Ishtol [KQ]: [pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ] (allophonic)
      • Ǩüttǩarrą Roś [Wikia]: /tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/
      • ~√ Proto-Imperial: /tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tɕʼ kʼ qʼ/
    • 7+ Pʼ
      • √ East Persian': /(pʼ) tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ/
      • Kashoebian [Linguifex]: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kʼ/
      • √ Proto-Gamedan [Linguifex], Adetsib [Linguifex]: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/
      • Tech: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ/
      • Tsa'in: /pʼ tʼ tsʼ sʼ tɬʼ ɬʼ tʃʼ ʃʼ kʼ/
      • √ Hkətl’ohnim [Akana]: /p’ t’ ts’ tɬ’ tʃ’ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/
      • Simptliki: /pʼ fʼ tʼ tsʼ sʼ tɬʼ (?) ʃʼ kʼ kʟʼ (?)/
      • Dolostone [KQ]: /pʼ fʼ tʼ θʼ tsʼ sʼ tʃʼ ʃʼ kʼ xʼ hʼ/
      • Ithkuil: /pʼ t̪ʼ tsʼ tʃʼ tʂʼ cʼ cçʼ cʎ̥˔ʼ kʼ kxʼ qʼ qχʼ/
      • Qətlanttaq [KQ]: /p’ t’ tʲ’ tʷ’ ts’ tɬ’ tʃʲ’ tʃʷ’ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/
      • Kannow [KQ]: /pʼ tʼ tʷʼ tsʼ tsʷʼ tɬʼ tʂʼ cʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ/
      • "UnnamedLang" [Wikia]: /pʼ pfʼ fʼ tʼ tsʼ sʼ tɬʼ ɬʼ cʼ kʼ kxʼ xʼ qʼ/
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