Amal/affixes

These are productive affixes in Amal.

See also:

• lexicon
  • roots
  • thematic lexicon

Case endings

• bi- [biʔ] - dative case [DAT] "to; for; toward"

ib- - dative for pronouns

• -da [daʔ] - locative case [LOC] "to; at; in; on"

• -ha - [hak] comitative case [COM] "with; by; through"; also used to form adverbs

-ak - for some roots

• -sha [ʃaʔ] - ablative case [ABL] "from; off of"; also used to form comparatives (sometimes used for negative mood [NEG])

• -wa [waʔ] - accusative case [ACC]; object

-u - for some roots

• -ya [ʔaj] - genitive; "of, from" [GEN]

-ai - for some roots

• -ul [ʔul] - "without; lacking"; abessive case [ABE] (not one of the "official" case endings)

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Verbal modifiers

• -ab [ʔab] - durative aspect [DUR]
• -al [ʔal] - repetitive; habitual [HAB]
• -ek [rek] - infinitive [INF]
• -em [ʔem] - interrogative [Q]
• -esh [ʔeʃ] - past tense [PST]
• -eshb [ʔeʃ] + [ʔɛb] - passive participles [PPP]
• -ra [rek] - infinitive [INF]
• -ud [ʔud] - inceptive; inchoative [INC]
• -un [ʔun] - reportative marker [REP]

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Modals

• -ash [ʔaʃ] - desiderative mood [DES]
• -em [ʔem] - interrogative [Q]
• -la [laʔ] - negative mood [NEG]

not used with second or third person singular

• -ur [ʔur] - tentative mood [TENT]

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Voice

• -eb [ʔeb] - passive [PASS]
• -ed [ʔed] - causative [CAUS]
• -eg [ʔeg] - reflexive [REFL]

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Adjectival Modifiers

• -el [ʔel] - (adjective) -est, most, -most

• -iy(a) [ʔij] - adjectivization (dishiya ‘foreign’) [ADJ]

• -ub [ʔub] - (comparative suffix) -er, more

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Nominal Modifiers

• -ám [ʔám] - augmentative [AUG]

• -at [ʔat] - produced by ~; item for ~

• -en [ʃen] - feminine; female [FEM]

• gi- [giʔ] - tool; device; instrument

• -in [ʔin] - agent noun [AG]

• -ish [ʔiʃ] - diminutive [DIM]

• ka- [kaʔ] - animal

• -ul [mul] - masculine; male [MASC]

• yi- [gij] - item of clothing

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Plurals

• -ik [ʔik] - dual plural [DU]

• -im [ʔim] - plural [PL]

• na- [naʔ] - collective plural [COL]

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Determiners

• bu- [buʔ] - proximal "this (by me)" for (roots with u or a) [PROX]

be- - for roots with e or i

• mu- [muʔ] - other; else

• shu- [ʃuʔ] - proximal "that (by you / over there)" for (roots with u or a) [DIST]

she- - for roots with e or i

• we- [weʔ] - some; any [INDEF]

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Numerical Modifiers

• em- [ʔem] - ordinal number [ORD]

• ga- [gaʔ] - multiple number [MULT]

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Medial Clusters

	ba	da	ga	ha	ka	la	ma	na	pa	ra	sa	sha	ta	wa	ya
eb	-	ebda	-	ebha	-	ebla	-	-	-	ebra	ebsa	ebsha	ebta	ebwa	ebya
ed	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	edra	-	-	-	-	-
eg	-	-	-	-	-	egla	-	-	-	egra	-	-	-	egwa	-
ek	-	-	-	ekha	-	ekla	-	-	-	ekra	eksa	eksha	ekta	ekwa	-
el	-	-	-	elha	-	ella	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	elwa	elya
em	emba	emda	-	emha	-	emla	-	emna	empa	emra	emsa	emsha	emta	emwa	emya
en	-	enda	enga [ŋ]	-	enka	enla	enma	-	-	-	ensa	ensha	enta	enwa	enya [ɲ]
ep	-	-	-	-	-	epla	-	-	-	epra	epsa	-	-	-	-
er	-	-	-	erha	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	erwa	erya
es	esba	-	-	-	eska	esla	esma	esna	espa	esra	-	-	esta	eswa	-
esh	eshba	-	-	-	eshka	eshla	eshma	eshna	eshpa	eshra	-	-	eshta	eshwa	-
et	-	-	-	-	-	etla	-	-	-	etra	etsa	etsha	-	-	-