IPA: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! align="left"| Tap or Flap
! align="left"| Tap or Flap
| || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
| || [[Labiodental flap|{{b\}}]] || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
|-
! align="left"| Lateral affricate
! align="left"| Lateral affricate
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|-
|-
! align="left"| Lateral fricative
! align="left"| Lateral fricative
| [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]] ||
| [[Voiceless dental lateral fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced dental lateral fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar lateral fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced retroflex lateral fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced palatal lateral fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced velar lateral fricative|ʟ̝]] ||
|-
|-
! align="left"| Lateral approximant
! align="left"| Lateral approximant
| [[Lateral dental approximant|l̪]] || [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]] || [[Lateral postalveolar approximant|l̠]] || [[Lateral retroflex approximant|ɭ]] || [[Lateral palatal approximant|ʎ]] || [[Lateral velar approximant|ʟ]] ||
| [[Dental lateral approximant|l̪]] || [[Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || [[Postalveolar lateral approximant|l̠]] || [[Retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] || [[Palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] || [[Velar lateral approximant|ʟ]] ||
|}
|}


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'''Other Symbols'''
'''Other Symbols'''
{|
{|
| [[Voiceless Labial-Velar Approximate|ʍ]] Voiceless labial-velar fricative
| [[Voiceless labial-velar approximant|ʍ]] Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
|-
|-
| [[Labial-velar approximant|w]] Voiced labial-velar approximant
| w Voiced [[labial-velar approximant]]
|-
|-
| [[Labial-palatal approximant|ɥ]] Voiced labial-palatal approximant
| ɥ Voiced [[labial-palatal approximant]]
|-
|-
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives
|-
|-
| [[Lateral alveolar flap|ɺ]] Lateral alveolar flap
| ɺ [[Lateral alveolar flap]]
|-
|-
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] Simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]].
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] Simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]].
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'''Diacritics'''
'''Diacritics'''
{|
{|
|  ̥ || Voiceless [[Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]] [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] ||  ̤ || Breathy voiced [[Breathy voiced bilabial stop|b̤]] [[Breathy voiced open front vowel|a̤]] ||  ̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
|  ̥ || Voiceless n̥ [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] ||  ̤ || Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ||  ̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]]
|-
|-
|  ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] ||  ̰ || Creaky voiced [[Creaky voiced bilabial stop|b̰]] [[Creaky voiced open front vowel|a̰]] ||  ̺ || Apical [[Voiceless apical alveolar stop|t̺]] [[Voiced apical alveolar stop|d̺]]
|  ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] ||  ̰ || Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ||  ̺ || Apical t̺ d̺
|-
|-
| ʰ || Aspirated [[Voiceless aspirated alveolar stop|tʰ]] [[Voiced aspirated alveolar stop|dʰ]] ||  ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] ||  ̻ || Laminal [[Voiceless laminal alveolar stop|t̻]] [[Voiced laminal alveolar stop|d̻]]
| ʰ || Aspirated tʰ dʰ ||  ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] ||  ̻ || Laminal t̻ d̻
|-
|-
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized [[Voiceless labialized alveolar stop|tʷ]] [[Voiced labialized alveolar stop|dʷ]] || ~ || Nasalized [[Nasalized close-mid front vowel|ẽ]]
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized tʷ dʷ || ~ || Nasalized ẽ
|-
|-
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized [[Voiceless palatalized alveolar stop|tʲ]] [[Voiced palatalized alveolar stop|dʲ]]
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized tʲ dʲ
|-
|-
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized [[Voiceless velarized alveolar stop|tˠ]] [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop||dˠ]] || ˡ || Lateral release [[Voiced lateral alveolar stop|dˡ]]
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized tˠ dˠ || ˡ || Lateral release [[Voiced lateral alveolar stop|dˡ]]
|-
|-
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized [[Voiceless pharyngealized alveolar stop|tˤ]] [[Voiced pharyngealized alveolar stop|dˤ]] ||  ̚ || No audible release [[Unreleased voiced alveolar stop|d̚]]
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ||  ̚ || No audible release d̚
|-
|-
| ¨ || Centralized ë ||  ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]]
| ¨ || Centralized ë ||  ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]]
|-
|-
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ ([[Voiced alveolar fricative|ɹ̝]] = Voiced alveolar fricative)
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = [[Voiced alveolar fricative]])
|}
|}


[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]

Revision as of 13:50, 7 August 2009

The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.

Pulmonic Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal m ɱ n̪ n n̠ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ N/A
Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d t̠ d̠ ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ N/A ʡ ʔ
Affricate pɸ bβ pf bv tθ dð ts dz ʧ ʤ ʈʂ ɖʐ cç ɟʝ kx   qχ  
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ
Approximant β̞ ʋ ɹ̪ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ ʁ̞ ʕ̞
Trill ʙ r̪ r r̠ N/A ʀ
Tap or Flap [[Labiodental flap|Template:B\]] ɾ̪ ɾ ɾ̠ ɽ
Lateral affricate N/A tɬ dɮ N/A
Lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ ɭ̝ ʎ̝ ʟ̝
Lateral approximant l̪ l l̠ ɭ ʎ ʟ

Non-pulmonic Consonants

Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives
ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ as in:
ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial
ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar
ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar
ǁ Lateral alveolar ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i · y ɨ · ʉ ɯ · u
ɪ · ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e · ø ɘ · ɵ ɤ · o
ə
Open-mid ɛ · œ ɜ · ɞ ʌ · ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a · ɶ ɑ · ɒ

Other Symbols

ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant)
w Voiced labial-velar approximant
ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant
ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives
ɺ Lateral alveolar flap
ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x.
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

k͡p t͡s

Suprasegmentals

ˈ Primary stress ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ˌ Secondary stress
ː Long eː
ˑ Half-long eˑ
˘ Extra short ĕ
. Syllable break ɹi.ækt
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
‿ Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

Level Contour
e̋ or ˥
é ˦
ē ˧
è ˨
ȅ ˩

Diacritics

̥ Voiceless n̥ d̥ ̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ̪ Dental t̪ d̪
̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ Aspirated tʰ dʰ ̼ Linguolabial t̼ d̼ ̻ Laminal t̻ d̻
˒ More rounded ɔ̜ ʷ Labialized tʷ dʷ ~ Nasalized ẽ
˓ Less rounded ɔ̹ ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ
˖ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ dˠ ˡ Lateral release dˡ
˗ Retracted i̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d̚
¨ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ
̽ Mid-centralized e̽ ˔ Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative)
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