Zamanic
- This page is a DRAFT pertaining to an ongoing project. Everything within is possibly subject to revision.
Zamanic is a fictional branch of the Indo-European family that is an ongoing joint project of Jörg Rhiemeier and Juho Pystynen. It is part of the League of Lost Languages.
Proto-Zamanic developed out of the easternmost part of the Corded Ware horizon and is most closely related to Balto-Slavic, though it also shows some affinity to its former southern neighbour, Iranian. An early stage of Zamanic may be the source of some Indo-European loanwords in Uralic such as *aja- 'to drive' and *porćas 'pig'. The language was later in turn influenced by Uralic and Turkic languages.
The name "Zamanic" is derived from the reconstructed word for 'human being', *zaman < PIE *dhǵhom-on-.
Contents
- 1 Phonology
- 1.1 Consonants
- 1.2 Vowels
- 1.3 Accent
- 1.4 Sound changes
- 1.4.1 Merger of voiced aspirates and plain voiced stops
- 1.4.2 "Thorn" clusters
- 1.4.3 Satemization
- 1.4.4 RUKI rule
- 1.4.5 Laryngeals
- 1.4.6 Syllabic resonants
- 1.4.7 Palatalization
- 1.4.8 Lengthening of vowels in accented open syllables
- 1.4.9 Accent retraction
- 1.4.10 Vowel shortening
- 1.4.11 Monophthongization
- 1.4.12 Vowel harmony
- 1.4.13 Second accent shift
- 1.4.14 Fortition of *w
- 1.4.15 Cluster reduction
- 2 Morphology
Phonology
Zamanic is a satem group (i.e. PIE palatovelars developed into palatals and later into sibilants, and the labiovelars merge with the plain velars) with the RUKI rule (i.e., *s was backed to *š after *r, high vowels and velars).
Consonants
Proto-Zamanic is reconstructed with the following consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stops/ affricates |
*p | *t | *č | *k |
| Voiced stops/ affricates |
*b | *d | *dž | *g |
| Voiceless fricatives | *f | *s | *š | *x |
| Voiced fricatives | *v | *z | *ž | |
| Nasals | *m | *n | ||
| Liquids | *l *r | |||
| Semivowel | *j |
Vowels
The Proto-Zamanic vowel system consists of full vowels, which may be stressed, and reduced vowels, which never bear the stress.
Full vowels
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | |
| High | *i | *ü | *ï | *u |
| Mid | *e | *ö | *ë | *o |
| Low | *ä | *a | ||
Reduced vowels ("yers")
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| *ь | *ъ |
Vowel harmony
A noncompound word contains either only front or back vowels, not both. The first vowel of the word determines the harmony class.
Accent
A stress accent falling on the first full vowel of the word can be reconstructed. The PIE mobile accent is only indirectly preserved in the lengthening of accented vowels (later shortened again) in open syallables.
Sound changes
Merger of voiced aspirates and plain voiced stops
- Dʰ > D
"Thorn" clusters
- TK > K (dental is lost)
Satemization
- ḱ > ć, later > s
- ǵ > dź, later > z
- kʷ > k
- gʷ > g
RUKI rule
- s > š /(i,u,r,k)_
Laryngeals
- Syllabic laryngeals become *i before a high vowel in the next syllable, otherwise *a
- VH > V: (as usual)
- Other laryngeals are lost (as usual)
Syllabic resonants
- R. > iR
Palatalization
- k > č /_V[+front]
- g > dž /_V[+front]
- kj > č
- gj > dž
- tj > č
- dj > dž
Lengthening of vowels in accented open syllables
- V > V: /_$ accented
Accent retraction
- The accent is retracted to the first syllable.
Vowel shortening
Short vowels:
- i > ь (ultrashort lax front vowel)
- u > ъ (ultrashort lax back vowel)
- e > ä
- o > a
Long vowels are shortened.
Monophthongization
- äi > e
- äu > ö
- ai > ë
- au > o
Vowel harmony
- V > [+front] /first vowel is [+front]
- V > [-front] /first vowel is [-front]
This remains a synchronically productive process in some languages. The vowel classes are:
- Front: i e ä ö ü ь
- Back: ï ë a o u ъ
Second accent shift
- Accent shifts rightward to next full vowel is the first syllable contains a reduced vowel.
Fortition of *w
- w > v
Cluster reduction
- sp > f
- st > s
- zd > z
- sč > š
- sk > x
- C > 0 /C_#
Morphology
The Zamanic languages are morphologically fusional, like the Balto-Slavic languages, with some agglutinating traits that evolved under the influence of their Uralic and Turkic neighbours.
Nouns
Nouns in Proto-Zamanic are divided into three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and inflected for two numbers (singular and plural) and eight cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, ablative, vocative). These cases are inherited from Proto-Indo-European.
Meanings of the cases
- Nominative: sentence subject, predicate noun, vocative
- Genitive: possessor, also some idiomatic uses
- Dative: indirect object, some postpositions
- Accusative: direct object, movement toward, some postpositions
- Instrumental: thing by which the action is performed
- Locative: location
- Ablative: movement away from
- Vocative: direct address
The declension classes
The system of PIE declension classes has been restructured due to the workings of vowel harmony. In Proto-Zamanic, declension classes come in pairs, one member with front vowels, the other with back vowels.
A/Ä-declension
These declension classes continue the PIE thematic and ā-stems. They are together the largest group of Proto-Zamanic nouns. There are different endings in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusative plurals for the three genders. The a-declension applies to words with back vowels and the ä-declension to words with front vowels.
| A-declension | Masculine *gardas 'homestead' |
Feminine *dona 'bread' |
Neuter *jugam 'yoke' | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *gardas | *gardos | *dona | *donas | *jugam | *juga |
| Genitive | *gardasa | *gardom | *donasa | *donom | *jugasa | *jugom |
| Dative | *gardë | *gardamas | *donë | *donamas | *jugë | *jugamas |
| Accusative | *gardam | *gardos | *donam | *donas | *jugam | *juga |
| Instrumental | *gardo | *gardës | *dono | *donës | *jugo | *jugës |
| Locative | *gardë | *gardësъ | *donë | *donësъ | *jugë | *jugësъ |
| Ablative | *gardad | *gardamas | *donad | *donamas | *jugad | *jugamas |
| Vocative | *garda | *gardos | *dona | *donas | *juga | *juga |
| Ä-declension | Masculine *viräs 'man' |
Feminine *devä 'goddess' |
Neuter *redräm 'sieve' | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *viräs | *virös | *devä | *deväs | *redräm | *redrä |
| Genitive | *viräsä | *viröm | *deväsä | *devöm | *redräsä | *redröm |
| Dative | *vire | *virämäs | *deve | *devämäs | *redre | *redrämäs |
| Accusative | *viräm | *virös | *deväm | *deväs | *redräm | *redrä |
| Instrumental | *virö | *vires | *devö | *deves | *redrö | *redres |
| Locative | *vire | *viresь | *deve | *devesь | *redre | *redresь |
| Ablative | *viräd | *virämäs | *deväd | *devämäs | *redräd | *redrämäs |
| Vocative | *virä | *virös | *devä | *deväs | *redrä | *redrä |
Yer-declension
The two yer-declensions continue the PIE *i- and *u-stems, which are reassigned to the two classes according to the root vowel: the ь-declension with front vowels, and the ъ-declension with back vowels.
| Ъ-declension | Non-neuter *datъs 'gift' |
Neuter *sarnъ 'horn' | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *datъs | *datës | *sarnъ | *sarnu |
| Genitive | *datës | *datajom | *sarnës | *sarnajom |
| Dative | *datajë | *datъmas | *sarnajë | *sarnъmas |
| Accusative | *datъm | *datъns | *sarnъ | *sarnu |
| Instrumental | *datu | *datus | *sarnu | *sarnus |
| Locative | *datë | *datъsъ | *sarnë | *sarnъsъ |
| Ablative | *datës | *datъmas | *sarnës | *sarnъmas |
| Vocative | *datъ | *datës | *sarnъ | *sarnu |
| Ь-declension | Non-neuter *mäntьs 'thought' |
Neuter *zänь 'cheek' | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *mäntьs | *mäntes | *zänь | *zäni |
| Genitive | *mäntes | *mäntejöm | *zänes | *zänejöm |
| Dative | *mänteje | *mäntьmäs | *zäneje | *zänьmäs |
| Accusative | *mäntьm | *mäntьns | *zänь | *zäni |
| Instrumental | *mänti | *mäntis | *zäni | *zänis |
| Locative | *mänte | *mäntьsь | *zäne | *zänьsь |
| Ablative | *mäntes | *mäntьmäs | *zänes | *zänьmäs |
| Vocative | *mäntь | *mäntes | *zänь | *zäni |
