User:Cedh audmanh/CBBCRVIII

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Ndok Aisô text

Mêgagoi eutodeu, ntonadadeu, od upeutadeu ngugoi:
"Gegeu tsênot'esteu deu woilul, roits deu nga na-ôldos dôlbitad noiskoi?"
– "Tsêdebristeu ik dos."
– "Igeuloi meutas gak o-ôldos ga?"
– "Ok lusitas meulad pop robeu wôt'isisteu êp'ux rig auseu nte lasaineu mbêp'oi ok agoisus."
– "Pauhôkseudad deu is, nêd ditoi ik paup'uxabe rai geutseubeu deu tsog wôltsêheu ngol. Dol paubahaisosteu deu oga pautôspabasteu is, nêd tsoneutsasteu dog ntsex. Ispolteu ga sêtik!"
– "Ngixeutosteu deu od ngixêxaspusteu a!"
– "Ik oitasteu ois o-sêtseu igêd guseu kêd wôdôxag nggoiloi!"
– "Eulisisteu tsihe ditoi, dol ugoi ik ndêgoiteulad nte moboi ngu ik dos dôstonas."
Bisoi luhap'êd, kelboi pôspudadeu.

Translation

English translation of Ndok Aisô text

The general came, saw, and asked this:
"What do you want to achieve here, having brought a handful of warriors only?"
– "We want to destroy you."
– "Where are your other warriors?"
– "They are trying to find out who can swim through the river most quickly while fighting."
– "If you had helped us, we might even have decided to let you govern this province. But if you turn against us and betray us, you must die. Put away your bow!"
– "You will have to come and take it!"
– "We have enough arrows to change the sky to black!"
– "That may be true, but we will be protected by the shadow when we attack you."
Having spoken, the messenger left.

English translation of previous text

(Däldlen, by loglorn)

He came, saw, and asked this:
"What do you want to do in this way, having such a small number of warriors?"
– "I want to defeat you."
– "Where are the other warriors?"
– "They are finding out who can swim through the river most quickly while fighting."
– "If you had helped us, we would have made you rule this place. But if you want what belongs to other people, you must die. Put away the bow that you have!"
– "I have come, and I have taken it."
– "We have enough arrows to change the sky to black!"
– "If that happens, I will fight covered by the shadow."
The messenger left.

Orthography / Phonology

  • p' t' k' are aspirated plosives /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • x is a glottal stop /ʔ/, which sometimes appears epenthetically between two vowels
  • ê ô are lax mid vowels, approximately /ɛ~ɜ/ and /ɔ~ɞ/ respectively
  • ng is /ŋ/, ngg is /ŋɡ/

Interlinear gloss

Mêgagoi
mêgagoi
commander
eutodeu,
euto-deu
come-LEG.SG
ntonadadeu,
ntonad-deu
watch-LEG.SG
od
od
and
upeutadeu
upot-deu
ask-LEG.SG
ngugoi:
ngugoi
thus
The general came, saw, and asked this:
"Gegeu
gegeu
which_thing
tsênot'esteu
tsê-not'e-steu
OPT-reach_for-IPFV.SG
deu
deu
2SG.NOM
woilul,
woilul
here
roits
roits
SUB.ADV
deu
deu
2SG.NOM
nga
nga
few
na-ôldos
na-wôldos
PC-warrior
dôlbitad
dôlbit-d
bring-PFV.SG
noiskoi?"
noiskoi
only
"What do you want to achieve here, having brought a handful of warriors only?"
"Tsêdebristeu
tsê-ebri-steu
OPT-destroy-IPFV.SG
ik
ik
1PL.NOM
dos."
dos
2PL.ACC
– "We want to destroy you."
"Igeuloi
igeuloi
where
meutas
meutas
COP.IPFV.PL
gak
ga-k
other-NOM.PL
o-ôldos
o-wôldos
PL-warrior
ga?"
ga
2SG.GEN
– "Where are your other warriors?"
"Ok
ok
3PL.NOM
lusitas
lusit-s
try-IPFV.PL
meulad
meulad
discover[INF]
pop
pop
man
robeu
robeu
REL.NOM
wôt'isisteu
wôt'isi-steu
be_able-IPFV.SG
êp'ux
êp'ux
swim[INF]
rig
rig
through
auseu
auseu
river
nte
nte
INSTR
lasaineu
lasai-êneu
quick-SUP.NOM.SG
mbêp'oi
mbêp'oi
while
ok
ok
3PL.NOM
agoisus."
agoisu-s
fight-IPFV.PL
– "They are trying to find out who can swim through the river most quickly while fighting."
"Pauhôkseudad
pau-kôksod-d
COND-help-PFV.SG
deu
deu
2SG.NOM
is,
is
1PL.ACC
nêd
nêd
if/then
ditoi
ditoi
maybe
ik
ik
1PL.NOM
paup'uxabe
pau-mbuxa-be
COND-decide-PFV.PL
rai
rai
SUB.ACC
geutseubeu
ga-tseubi-Ø
PERM-govern-HAB.SG
deu
deu
2SG.NOM
tsog
tsog
this.ACC.SG
wôltsêheu
wôltsêheu
province
ngol."
ngol
even
– "If you had helped us, we might even have decided to let you govern this province."
"Dol
dol
but
paubahaisosteu
pau-mahaisô-steu
COND-turn_against-IPFV.SG
deu
deu
2SG.NOM
oga
oga
and.GAP
pautôspabasteu
pau-tôspab-steu
COND-betray-IPFV.SG
is,
is
1PL.ACC
nêd
nêd
if/then
tsoneutsasteu
tso-nots-steu
OBL-die-IPFV.SG
dog
dog
2SG.ACC
ntsex."
ntsex
EMPH
"But if you turn against us and betray us, you must die."
"Ispolteu
is-bolta-Ø
IMP-lay_down-HAB.SG
ga
ga
2SG.GEN
sêtik!"
sêtik
longbow
"Put away your bow!"
"Ngixeutosteu
ngi-euto-steu
ADM-come-IPFV.SG
deu
deu
2SG.NOM
od
od
and
ngixêxaspusteu
ngi-êxaspu-steu
ADM-seize-IPFV.SG
a!"
a
3SG.ACC
– "You will have to come and take it!"
"Ik
ik
1PL.NOM
oitasteu
oit-steu
have-IPFV.PL
ois
ois
many
o-sêtseu
o-têtseu
PL-arrow
igêd
igêd
suitably
guseu
guseu
so
kêd
kêd
DYN[MID.NPST.SG]
wôdôxag
ódôxa-g
black-ACC.SC
nggoiloi!"
nggoiloi
sky
– "We have enough arrows to change the sky to black!"
"Eulisisteu
eul-isi-steu
DUB-happen-IPFV.SG
tsihe
tsihe
that_thing
ditoi,
ditoi
maybe
dol
dol
but
ugoi
ugoi
then.FUT
ik
ik
1PL.NOM
ndêgoiteulad
ndêgoita-lad
protect-PASS.NPST.PL
nte
nte
INSTR
moboi
moboi
shadow
ngu
ngu
when
ik
ik
1PL.NOM
dos
dos
2PL.ACC
dôstodas."
dôstod-s
attack-IPFV.PL
– "That may be true, but we will be protected by the shadow when we attack you."
Bisoi
bisoi
after
luhap'êd,
lu-uhap'i-d
NMLZ-announce-PFV.SG
kelboi
kelboi
messenger
pôspudadeu.
pôspud-deu
leave-LEG.SG
Having spoken, the messenger left.


Vocabulary

word part of speech meaning
a pron. (3rd person singular, accusative)
agoisu- v. fight, struggle, strive
auseu n. river
bisoi pp. after
bolteu- v. lay down, put away
deu pron. (2nd person singular, nominative)
ditoi adv. possibly, maybe
dog pron. (2nd person singular, accusative)
dol cj. but, however
dos pron. (2nd person plural, accusative)
dôlbit- v. bring
dôston- v. attack, march forward
ebri- v. defeat, destroy, annihilate
euto- v. come, arrive
êp'ux- v. swim, float
êxaspu- v. capture, seize
ga pron. (2nd person singular, genitive)
ga- adj.dem. other, next, subsequent
gegeu pron. what, which thing (interrogative)
guseu cj. so
igeuloi pron. where, which place (interrogative)
igêd adv. perfectly, suitably
ik pron. (1st person plural, nominative)
is pron. (1st person plural, accusative)
isi- v. happen, occur
kelboi n. messenger, herald
kêd- v. become, do to oneself
kôkseud- v. help, support, be allied with
lasai- adj. quick, fast
lusit- v. try, attempt
mahaiso- v. terminate an agreement, turn against
mbêp'oi cj. while, in between
mbuxa- v. decide, choose
meulad- v. notice, find, discover
meut- v. be (copula)
mêgagoi n. general, military commander
moboi n. shadow
ndêgoiteu- v. protect, safeguard
neuts- v. die (takes accusative subject)
nêd cj. if/then, therefore (introducing a consequence clause)
nga qu. a few; some of
ngol adv. even, indeed
nggoiloi n. sky
ngu cj. as, when
ngugoi adv. thus, as follows
noiskoi adv. only, merely; in vain
not'e- v. reach, achieve, accomplish
nte pp. with, by, using (instrumental)
ntonad- v. watch, check, examine
ntsex adv. really, indeed, definitely
od cj. and
oga cj. and (object-gapping)
ois qu. many, more, an exceptionally large number of
oit- v. have, own, be equipped with
ok pron. (3rd person plural, nominative)
pop n. man
pôspud- v. leave, go away
rai cj. that (complementizer, accusative)
rig pp. through, via, across
robeu pron. (relative pronoun, nominative)
roits cj. (adverbial subordinator)
sêtik n. longbow
têtseu n. arrow
tôspab- v. denounce, betray
tseubeu- v. rule, govern, supervise, control
tsihe pron. that thing
tsog dem. this (accusative singular)
ugoi adv./cj. then (in the future), soon
uhap'i- v. speak, declare, announce
upeut- v. ask, inquire
woilul adv. here (near 1st person)
wôdôxa- adj. black, dark
wôldos n. warrior, soldier
wôltsêheu n. province, county, region
wôt'isi- v. be smart, be competent, know how to do sth.


Morphology

Derivational prefixes
l(u)- (nominalizer, forms action nouns)
Modality prefixes
eul- (dubitative mood; indicates that the speaker doubts the reality of the action)
geu- (permissive mood; indicates that the action is allowed to happen)
is- (imperative mood)
ngi- (admonitive mood; indicates that the action should happen)
pau- (conditional mood; indicates that the action is hypothetical)
tsê(d)- (optative mood; indicates that the speaker or subject hopes for the action to happen)
tso- (obligative mood; indicates that the action must happen)
Note:
  • All modality prefixes ending in a vowel cause the following processes:
    • Lenition of following /k/ > /h/
    • Denasalisation of following nasals /m n ŋ/ > /b d ɡ/
    • Fortition of following prenasalised plosives /mb nd ŋɡ/ > /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • The imperative prefix causes devoicing of a following voiced plosive /b d ɡ/ > /p t k/
Tense-aspect-number-voice suffixes
(habitual singular)
(infinitive)
-be (perfective plural)
-(a)d (perfective singular)
-(a)deu (legendary past singular)
-(a)s (imperfective plural)
-(a)steu (imperfective singular)
-l (passive non-past plural)
Number prefixes
na- (dual/paucal; causes lenition of a following consonant)
o- (plural; causes lenition of a following consonant)
Adjective suffixes
-g (adjectival suffix: accusative singular)
-k (adjectival suffix: nominative plural)
-(ê)neu (adjectival suffix: superlative, nominative singular)


Grammar notes

Word order

The default word order in Ndok Aisô is SVO, but the parent language was verb-initial, and VSO order is preserved in several types of subclauses and as a stylistic variant in main clauses, especially if the subject is a pronoun. Intransitive main clauses also often have VS order. Some types of adverbial clauses may exhibit SOV word order.

Nouns

Nominal morphology is fairly minimal, marking only number and possession (the latter with an "antigenitive" enclitic on the possessed noun, which doesn't occur in this text). Personal pronouns are fusionally marked for number and case; a peculiarity of the possessive pronouns is that they agree in number only with the possessed, not with the possessor. Possessive pronouns precede the noun in free-standing noun phrases, but follow it when the NP is part of a possessive or prepositional phrase. Prepositions, as the label indicates, precede their object.

Adjectives

Adjectives inflect for case and number of their referent by means of fusional suffixes. They normally follow their head noun; however, deictic adjectives usually precede it. Adjectival predicates use a zero copula for static situations and the verb kêd- 'become' for change-of-state situations, and they follow (Cop)-Adj-N word order. Adjectives can also be used adverbally; this is done by subordinating them to an appropriate preposition.

Verbs

The main verbal distinctions of Ndok Aisô are aspect, mood, and voice. Tense is unmarked in the active voice. Verbs also agree with the subject in number, but not in person. The morphosyntactic alignment is technically a variant of split-S; however, the vast majority of verbs follow a NOM-ACC pattern, and the text contains only one instance of an intransitively-used "ergative verb", which (for simplicity) I've treated in the glossary as lexically requiring an accusative-marked subject. Certain verbs may take another verb as their object, which appears in the infinitive form.

Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions have special "object-gapping" forms, which indicate that the coordinated clauses have the same direct object (the latter can therefore be dropped from one of the two clauses). Identical subjects can be dropped from either clause even when normal conjunctions are used; clauses without an overt subject are assumed to have the same subject as the main clause of the previous sentence.

Links

A grammatical sketch of Ndok Aisô can be found at http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/Ndok_Aisô