User:Cedh audmanh/CBBCRIV
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Farwo n-Abebbu text
Heppen ketyaššou byau leva bainik. Tassarma metai ak rollu thanggek, odun bwalla but ak yougwan ryen simma mus. Kaddan ak dhongguk, wau sen ak pegga gya anyen ollo myuduk. Sei ksossou tasse ak ryen kedyá ressank, wau nadi seve oddek kepyassa ram ak ryen kyesso mudak. Sen lyettya bwazzeiku kwaffi wau norra-yabbu.
Tan krou thanggek wau heppen yenkobbu kwollak. Pyattai ak hyebu you yoddou oddek.
Translation
The navy soldiers began to march into the wetlands. As they kept on walking forward, the ground near them gradually became more and more soggy. They struggled to keep traveling, and they finally arrived at a dry spot. The reeds around them were similar to trees, and in the water there were fish which resembled birds. A turtle quickly escaped and swam away.
The men stopped walking and began to talk to each other. They were alone under the sun.
Interlinear gloss
heppen ke- tyaššou byau Ø- leva baini-k start-PAST NOM.PL-sailor into NOM.SG-wetland march-PL The navy soldiers began to march into the wetlands.
tassarma me- ta -i ak rollu thanggek with.when.REL NEG-stop-IMPF 3PL.NOM forward walk.PL As they kept on walking forward, odu-n Ø- bwalla but ak yougwan ryen Ø/- wimma mus be -PAST.SG NOM.SG-ground near 3PL.NOM gradually like NOM.SG-mud grow the ground near them gradually became more and more soggy.
kadda -n ak dhonggu-k strive-PAST 3PL.NOM travel -PL They struggled to keep traveling, wau se-n ak pegga gya anyen Ø- ollo myudu -k and do-PAST 3PL.NOM finally to dry NOM.SG-place arrive-PL and they finally arrived at a dry spot.
se-i k- sossou tasse ak ryen ke- dya ressan -k do-IMPF NOM.PL-reed around 3PL.NOM like NOM.PL-tree be_similar-PL The reeds around them were similar to trees, wau nadi Ø/- heve oddek ke- pyassa ram ak ryen k- yesso muda -k and in NOM.SG-water be.IMPF.PL NOM.PL-fish REL 3PL.NOM like NOM.PL-bird resemble-PL and in the water there were fish which resembled birds.
sen lyettya Ø- bwazzeiku kwaffi wau norra-yabbu do-PAST quickly NOM.SG-turtle escape and leave-swim A turtle quickly escaped and swam away.
tan k- rou thanggek wau heppe-n yenkobbu kwolla-k stop-PAST NOM.PL-man walk.PL and begin-PAST DAT.PL-each_other talk -PL The men stopped walking and began to talk to each other.
pyattai ak hyebu you Ø- yoddou oddek EMPH.AUX-IMPF 3PL.NOM alone under NOM.SG-sun be.IMPF.PL They were alone under the sun.
Vocabulary
| morpheme | type | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ak | pron | (3rd person plural, nominative) |
| anyen | adj | dry |
| baini | v | march, advance, progress |
| but | pp | near, next to |
| bwalla | n | earth, ground, soil |
| bwazzeiku | n | turtle |
| byau | pp | into, through, between |
| dhonggu | v | travel |
| dya | n | tree; mast (of a ship) |
| gya | pp | to, at |
| heppe | aux | start, begin |
| heve (NOM.SG seve) | n | water |
| hyebu | adj | alone, solitary, on one's own |
| -i | suffix | (tense/aspect marking: imperfect) |
| -k | suffix | (plural agreement on verbs) |
| k(e)- | prefix | (nominative plural) |
| kadda | aux | continue, resume, insist, strive, press on |
| kobbu | pron | each other |
| kwaffi | v | flee, escape, hide |
| kwolla | v | talk, speak |
| leva | n | marsh, swamp, wetlands |
| lyettya | adv | quickly, suddenly |
| me- | prefix | (negation) |
| muda | v | resemble, look like |
| mus | v | grow, become |
| myudu | v | arrive, reach, come to |
| -n | suffix | (tense/aspect marking: preterite) |
| nadi | pp | in, inside |
| norra | v | leave, exit, go away |
| oddek | v | (copula, imperfect plural) |
| odun | v | (copula, preterite singular) |
| ollo | n | place, location |
| pegga | adv | in the end, finally |
| pyassa | n | fish |
| pyatta | aux | do indeed (used for emphasis) |
| ram | pron | (relative pronoun) |
| ressan | v | be similar, have the characteristics of |
| rollu | adv | forward, ahead |
| rou | n | man |
| ryen | pp | as, like |
| se | aux | do (dummy auxiliary) |
| sossou | n | reed |
| ta | aux | stop |
| tassarma | cj | as, while |
| tasse | pp | around, surrounding, during |
| thai (PL thanggek) | v | walk |
| tyaššou | n | sailor; navy soldier |
| wau | cj | and |
| wimma (NOM.SG simma) | n | mud, silt, quagmire |
| yabbu | v | swim |
| yen- | prefix | (dative singular) |
| yesso | n | songbird |
| yoddou | n | sun |
| you | pp | under, below |
| yougwan | adv | gradually, more and more |
Grammar notes
- Farwo n-Abebbu is a lightly inflecting fusional language with basic AuxSOV word order.
- Nouns inflect for number and for four cases (NOM, ACC, GEN, DAT), which are marked with prefixes. The citation form is the accusative singular, which is unmarked (and identical to the nominative for most nouns). A few nouns exhibit a mutation of their initial consonant in the nominative singular.
- Personal pronouns inflect for the same four cases as nouns, but they do so in a fusional manner.
- Adjectives precede their nouns.
- Prepositions also precede their complement noun, which appears in the nominative case.
- The majority of verb phrases contain both a content verb and an auxiliary.
- Content verbs only inflect for the number of the subject, usually marking the plural by suffixing -k. Irregular plural forms are given in the wordlist.
- Auxiliary verbs inflect for tense/aspect (present vs. preterite vs. imperfect) and polarity. Modal and further aspectual distinctions can be indicated by choosing different auxiliary roots.
- The copula odu- functions much like an auxiliary verb, but it can appear in a sentence without a content verb, and therefore inflects for the number of the subject directly.
Links
A very brief grammar overview exists here: http://akana.conlang.org/wiki/Farwo_n-Abebbu
