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Pronunciation table

पेमु॓को peműko (labial)								रीसु॓कॊ riisűko (dental)								मुइतु॓को muitűko (alveolar)								भइनु॓को vainűko (palatal)							च्युस्वे॓नोस् ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels with प)								नि॓थो च्युस्वे॓नोस् nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			t̬	t̨			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ĭ	ĕ	ŭ
प	ब	फ	भ	म़	म			त	द	थ	ध	ल़	ल			च	ज	स	स़	र	न			क	ग	क़	ग़	ह	य			त्व	त्य			इ ई पि पी	ए एै पे पै	अ आ प पा	ऒ ॵ पॊ पॏ	ओ औ पो पौ	उ ऊ पु पू			तं	तऺ	तॅ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/tʷ/	/tʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural	ABL = ablative suffix	COL = collective	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PRF = perfect	SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	CONV = conversive	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	PRV = privative prefix	TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person	ADV = adverb	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	LAT = lative suffix	PST = past	VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AG = agent	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	LOC = locative suffix	Q = interrogative particle
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	M = masculine	QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	ELT = elative	INC = inchoative	OCC = occupation suffix	RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EP = epenthesis	IND = indicative	PP = patient (past) participle	SBJ = subjunctive

Postposition

• 1. ša स्व - without, apart from, except
• Everyone but Father left.
• भि॔सु तआत॓ऽ स्व ए-भि॓द॥
• vísu taata̋' ša e-vı̋da:

vis-u	taat-a̋-'	ša	e=vı̋d-a
everyone-N.s	father-G.s-ELIS	but	PST=leave-IND

Adverb

• 2. átu अ॔तु - merely, only, just
• It is but three miles to the inn.
• अ॔तु ति॓र् त्युम्रे॓नोस् तग़्दे॓मोम् दो ए॓स॥
• átu tı̋r t̨umre̋nos taƣde̋mom do e̋sa:

átu	tı̋r	t̨umre̋n-os	taƣ-de̋m-om	do	e̋s-a
but	three	mile-N.p	travel-building-A.s	to	be-IND

Conjunction

• 3. ši स्वि - except (for), excluding
• I had no choice but to leave.
• मु ने॓अ ओ॓पम् स्वि भि॓दु ए-ग़े॓भ॥
• mu ne̋a őpam ši vı̋du e-ƣe̋va:

m-u	ne̋a-Ø	őp-am	ši	vı̋d-u	e=ƣe̋v-a
1s-N	no-ABS	choice-A.s	but	leave-SUP	PST=have-IND

• 4. de दे - on the contrary, but rather, whereas.
• I am not rich, but poor.
• मु ग़॓भ ने दे पै॓द॥
• mu ƣa̋va ne de pe̋e̋da:

m-u	ƣa̋v-a	ne	de	pe̋e̋d-a
1s-N	be.rich-IND	not	but	be.poor-IND

• 5. ésti ए॔स्ति - however, although, nevertheless
• She is very old but still beautiful.
• ए॔यु ल॓बु जै॓रु ए॔स्ति ओ॔दु गो॓बु भू॓अ॥
• éȝu lábu że̋e̋ru ésti ódu gőbu vűűa:

éȝ-u	lábu	że̋e̋r-u	ésti	ódu	gőb-u	vűű-a
3-N.s	very	old-N.s	but	still	beautiful-N.s	be-IND

• 6. ši स्वि - except that
• I cannot but feel offended.
• मु स्वि दे॓गथु उ॓तु फै॓अ॥
• mu ši de̋gaþu űtu fe̋e̋a:

m-u	ši	de̋g-a-þ-u	űt-u	fe̋e̋-a
1s-N	but	offend-IND-PP-N.s	feel-SUP	be.unable-IND

• 7. ši स्वि - without it being the case that, unless that
• It never rains but it pours.
• सू॓म़ ने॔क़ुम् स्वि पो॓स़॥
• sűűm̃a néxum ši pőza:

sűűm̃-a	néxum	ši	pőz-a
rain-IND	never	but	pour-IND

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