Qwynegold

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Qwynegold is an artlang, spoken in the island of Qwynegold, which is located in the Malackan strait. The language has borrowed heavily from European languages, as well as its neighboring Asian languages. Qwynegold has two main dialect groups: Qwadralónia /kwʌd.ra.loˑ.nia/ and Quadralónia /kwad.ra.loˑ.nia/. In this article, as a shorthand, purple color has been used to indicate that something is written in Qwadralónia and green for Quadralónia. Purple is the traditional color of Qwadralónia speakers, while green is that of Quadralónians.

Qwynegold
Pronounced: /ˈkwy.ne.gold/
Timeline and Universe: Real world, modern time
Species: Human
Spoken: Demokrītivas Kyngestāt r'Qwynegold/Demokriites Kyngestaat r'Qwynegold
Total speakers: Appr. 46,000
Writing system: Extended Latin alphabet
Genealogy: Isolate
Typology
Morphology: Fusional
Morphosyntax: Nominative-accusative
Word order: SVO
Credits
Creator: Qwynegold
Created: Begun in ca. 1998



Phonology


Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t t\t d k ɡ
Velar cluster kw ks
Affricate ts
Fricative f v s z ʃ ɕ ɧ h
Trill r
Approximants w l j
QW vowelchart.png

The above table shows the exact phonetic transcription of the vowels, but the following, simpler transcription will be used from here on:

Exact transcription Simple transcription Orthography
ɐ̞ a a
ʌ̞ ʌ a
e e
e
ɪ̝ ɪ i
i i i
o̜̽ o o
o̹˖ o
u̜˕ u u
u̹˖ u
ʏ̜˔ ʏ y
y y
æ̠ æ ä/æ
ɛ̠˕ ɛ ä/æ
ø̽ ø ö/ø
œ̠ œ ö/ø

Qwynegold has three length distinctions in vowels and two in consonants. The long consonants are considered to be in two different syllables at once, hence they are here transcribed as [p.p], [b.b], etc. They are also considered to be sequences of two identical consonants, phonemically. There are three special long consonants that act as single phonemic units: /lː, nː, t\t/. These do not have a syllable break between them, like the others have. The /lː, nː, t\t/ contrast with /l.l, n.n, t.t/.

Orthography

Alphabet and pronunciation

A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z, Ä ä/Æ æ, Ö ö/Ø ø, SJ fat normal.png Sj fat normal.png, TJ fat normal.png Tj fat normal.png

Letter Pronunciation
A a a ʌ
B b b
C c s k
D d d
E e e e̝
F f f
G g ɡ
H h h
I i ɪ i
J j j
K k k
L l l
M m m
N n n
O o o o̹
P p p
Q q k
R r r
S s s
T t t
U u u u̹
V v v
W w w
X x ks
Y y ʏ y
Z z ts z
Ä ä Æ æ æ ɛ
Ö ö Ø ø ø œ
SJ fat normal.png Sj fat normal.png ɧ
TJ fat normal.png Tj fat normal.png ɕ

This is the order of the Qwynegoldian alphabet. The Qwadralónia dialects use Ää and Öö, while the Quadralónia dialects instead use Ææ and Øø. Half-long vowels are indicated by an acute accent (´) over the vowel in both dialects. Long vowel are marked by macron (¯) in Qwadralónia, and by doubling the vowel in Quadralónia.

Qwynegold also uses several digraphs as can be seen in this table (capital V stands for any vowel):

Digraph Pronounciation
ch
dz
ng ŋ
quV kwV
sh ʃ
xh

Tense and lax phonemes

Lax Tense Letter
a ʌ a
e e
ɪ i i
o o
u u
ʏ y y
æ ɛ ä/æ
ø œ ö/ø
ts z z

Some of the phonemes (16 vowels and 2 consonants) in Qwynegold come in pairs, which could be described as tense and lax. (Note however that Qwynegold does not have vowel harmony.) The lax phonemes are much more common than the tense ones. Both phonemes in a pair share the same letter, but whenever a tense phoneme appears in a word, it is indicated by a change of one of the other letters in the same syllable.

Ordinary letter 1st alternation 2nd alternation
ch zh tsh
i y
j y
k q c
quV kwV qw
s c
x ks
xh ksh
z ts

If there are two tense phonemes in the same syllable, then two letters will alternate, if there are two letters that are capable of that. But if there is only one alternable letter, then it will turn into its 1° form. If there are three tense phonemes in one syllable, then a similar manner is used except with the 2° form.

Some examples with random syllables: lak /lak/ - laq /lʌk/
sen /sen/ - cen /se̟n/
syik /syik/ - cyik /sy̟ik/ - syiq /syi̟k/ - cyiq /sy̟i̟k/
chjuz /tʃjuts/ - chyuz /tʃju̟ts/ or /tʃjuz/ - zhyuz /tʃju̟z/ - tshjuz /tʃju̟z/

Silent <e> and <h>

Besides altering one of the other letters, there is another way to mark that a tense phoneme is present. If tense phoneme is in the last syllable of the word, a silent <e> may be added at the end of the word. If a word ends with an <e> that is not silent, then a silent <h> is added at the end of the word.

The letter <c>

The letter <c> stands for /s/ when followed directly or indirectly by <e>, <i>, <y>, <ä/æ> or <ö/ø> in the same syllable, or if it's syllable-final and preceded either directly or indirectly by any of the abovementioned vowels. In all other cases it stands for /k/. (The digraph <ch> however stands for/tʃ/.)

Grammar

Nouns

There are two morphologically marked cases on nouns in Qwynegold: genitive and locative; as well as singular and plural number. In the following table, the locative case has been used together with the word tau (in) as an example.

Type of noun declension Declension Prefix in Qwadralónia Example in Qwadralónia Prefix in Quadralónia Example in Quadralónia
Number Singular - medi - house - medi - house
Number Plural d'- d'medi - houses d'- d'medi - houses
Case Genitive r'- r'medi - house's r'- r'medi - house's
Case Locative ér- tau érmedi - in the house ér- tau érmedi - in the house
Number/case Plural-genitive dz'- dz'medi - houses' dz'- dz'medi - houses'
Number/case Plural-locative dér- tau dérmedi - in the houses dér- tau dérmedi - in the houses

The dependent preceeds the noun with genitive case. An adverb preceeds nouns with the locative case, see Location for an explanation of how the locative case is used.

Pronouns and determiners

Pronouns in Qwynegold do not distinguish animacy.

Personal pronouns

There is much suppletion in the personal pronouns of Qwynegold, so all the forms of the personal pronouns are presented in the following tables. The pronouns also have an accusative case which the nouns lack.

Personal pronouns in Qwadralónia
Number/case 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Reciprocal Indefinite
Singular/nominative ix - I uz - you huo - he/she - citka - one; you
Plural/nominative xie - we zuo - you quō - they - d'citka - they
Singular/accusative xi - me zu - you hao - him/her hajak suqu - each other cyriaia - one; you
Plural/accusative xia - us zua - you quā - them hajak d'suqu - each other d'cyriaia them
Singular/genitive xin - my zun - your r'huo - his/her hajak r'suqu - each other's r'citka - one's; your
Plural/genitive xing - our zung - your quong - their hajak dz'suqu - each other's dz'citka - their
Singular/locative tau érix - in me tau éruz - in you tau érhuo - in him/her tau hajak érsuqu - in each other tau ércitka - in one; in you
Plural/locative tau érxie - in us tau érzuo - in you tau érquō - in them tau hajak dérsuqu - in each other tau dércitka - in them


Personal pronouns in Quadralónia
Number/case 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Reciprocal Indefinite
Singular/nominative ix - I uz - you huo - he/she - we'ttan - one; you
Plural/nominative xia - we zwa - you vuue - they - d'we'ttan - they
Singular/accusative xi - me zu - you hao - him/her laet suqu - each other wendl - one; you
Plural/accusative xji - us zji - you vuji - them laet d'suqu - each other d'wendl - them
Singular/genitive xiǽe - my zuǽe - your vuǽe - his/her laet r'suqu - each other's r'we'ttan - one's; your
Plural/genitive xing - our zung - your vunge - their laet dz'suqu - each other's dz'we'ttan - their
Singular/locative tau érix - in me tau éruz - in you tau érhuo - in him/her tau laet érsuqu - in each other tau érwe'ttan - in one; in you
Plural/locative tau érxia - in us tau érzwa - in you tau érvuue - in them tau laet dérsuqu - in each other tau dérwe'ttan - in them


Reduplicating of a pronoun has the meaning of an intensifier.

Ix-ix lin'gwa'hwá.
Ix-ix lin'gwa-'hwá
1SG-1SG speak-FUT
I will speak myself.


Ix-ix linggwahuá.
Ix-ix linggwa-huá
1SG-1SG speak-FUT
I will speak myself.


If the subject is a noun, a nominative pronoun is placed after it.

Th president, huo grāflihyeh ikē.
Th president huo grāfli-hyeh ikē
The president 3SG write-PRET this
The president wrote this himself.


La president, huo graafsahyeh ikee.
La president huo graafsa-hyeh ikee
The president 3SG write-PRET this
The president wrote this himself.


There are no specific reflexive pronouns in Qwynegold. Instead accusative pronouns are used.

Ix psau£ieng xi.
Ix psau£ien-g xi
1SG.NOM wash-PRES 1SG.ACC
I wash myself.


Ix psau£ieng xi.
Ix psau£ien-g xi
1SG.NOM wash-PRES 1SG.ACC
I wash myself.

Demonstrative pronouns

Only 1st and 2nd person are distinguished in the demonstratives: ikē/ikee resp. utē/utee. Number is not distinguished. These words can also be used as demonstrative determiners.

Determiners and indefinite pronouns

Type of pronoun In Qwadralónia In Quadralónia
Inclusive etterī - any; anyone; anybody; anything ashot - any; anyone; anybody; anything
Dual inclusive etterī sado - either ashot sado - either
Universal hajak - every; everyone; everybody; everything laet - every; everyone; everybody; everything
Dual universal hajak sado - both laet sado - both
Negative khre - no; no one; nobody; nothing utue - no; no one; nobody; nothing
Dual negative khre sado - neither utue sado - neither
Exclusive yado - some; someone; somebody; something yado - some; someone; somebody; something
*Differential suqu - other suqu - other
siki suqu - another siki suqu - another
ngwē - else xir'r - else
Distributive saruha - each lhaokaat - each


All of these words can be used as both pronouns and determiners.

The words labelled as "other" refer to a choice that is offered the speaker, while the words labelled "else" refer to a choice that is not presented, visible or valid.

The words yado, (siki) suqu and ngwē/xir'r can be pluralized with the prefix d'-.

There is no separate word for "all". If there is a need to refer to some uncountable noun as "all", it can be done the following way: hajak GEN-NOUN/laet GEN-NOUN. GEN is the genitive prefix, in either singular or plural.

Relative pronouns

In Qwadralónia there is one relative pronoun, som, which can stand for any person or thing. Quadralónia does not have any such pronoun; refer to Syntax to see how relative clauses are handled.

The indefinite relative pronoun is e/æe.

Verbs

Verbs in Qwynegold can end in -a, -i, -o, -ejn or -n. The suffixes behave regularly when attached to vowel final verbs, but the -n and -jn class of verbs are a little different. In the following table, three verbs are used as examples: etoli (run), döyshän/duyshæn (*?) and trejn (train).

Type of verb conjugation Conjugation Affix in Qwadralónia Example in Qwadralónia Suffix in Quadralónia Example in Quadralónia
Tense/aspect Pluperfect -(')tlan, -dlan Ix etoli'tlan - I had run
Ix döyshäntlan - *?
Ix trejdlan - I had trained
-(')tlan, -dlan Ix etoli'tlan - I had run
Ix duyshæntlan - *?
Ix trejdlan - I had trained
Tense/aspect Present perfect -(')tla, -dla Ix etoli'tla - I have run
Ix döyshäntla - *?
Ix trejdla - I have trained
-(')tla, -dla Ix etoli'tla - I have run
Ix duyshæntla - *?
Ix trejdla - I have trained
Tense Preterite -hyeh, -jyeh Ix etolihyeh - I ran
Ix döyshänhyeh - *?
Ix trenjyeh - I trained
-hyeh, -jyeh Ix etolihyeh - I ran
Ix duyshænhyeh - *?
Ix trenjyeh - I trained
Tense Present simple -h(e), -g Ix etolih - I run
Ix döyshäng - *?
Ix trejng - I train
-h(e), -g Ix etolih - I run
Ix duyshæng - *?
Ix trejng - I train
Tense Future -(')hwá Ix etoli'hwá - I will run
Ix döyshänhwá - *?
Ix trejnhwá - I will train
-huá Ix etolihuá - I will run
Ix duyshænhuá - *?
Ix trejnhuá - I will train
Tense/aspect Future perfect -(')hwán Ix etoli'hwán - I will have run
Ix döyshänhwán - *?
Ix trejnhwán - I will have trained
-huan Ix etolihuan - I will have run
Ix duyshænhuan - *?
Ix trejnhuan - I will have trained
*Connecting -tāw, -dāw Ix hakaritāw etolih - I begin to run
*döyshäntāw
*trejdāw
-taaw, -daaw Ix hakaritaaw etolih - I begin to run
*duyshæntaaw
*trejdaaw
Mood Imperative <lengthening of last vowel>, -ē- Etolī - Run!
DöyshS äm normal.pngn - *?
Trejēn - Train!
<lengthening of last vowel>, -ee Etolii - Run!
Duyshææn - *?
Trejnee - Train!
Mood Hortatory -ou, -jou, -£ou etoliou - let's run
döyshänou - *?
trenjou - let's train
-ou, -jou, -£ou etoliou - let's run
duyshænou - *?
trenjou - let's train
Mood Interrogative Uz etolií? - Do you run?
Uz döyshäní - *?
Uz karate trejní? - Do you train karate?
Uz etolií? - Do you run?
Uz duyshæní - *?
Uz karate trejní? - Do you train karate?
Mood Hypothetical -et Ix etoliet etoli'hwá... - If I would run...
Ix döyshänet döyshänhwá - *?
Ix trejnet trejnhwá karate... - If I would train karate...
-et Ix etoliet etolihuá... - If I would run...
Ix duyshænet duyshænhuá - *?
Ix trejnet trejnhuá karate... - If I would train karate...
Mood Conditional - - -was ...huo etolwas etolihuá - ...then s/he would run
...huo duyshænwas duyshænhuá - *?
...huo trejnwas trejnhuá - ...then s/he would train


The present simple tense is unmarked if used together with any mood. When a mood needs to be used together with any other tense than present simple, the following scheme is used: VERB-MOOD VERB-TENSE. What this means is that the verb is reduplicated.

Fvangajou d'dvenra!
Fvanga-jou d'-dvendra
catch-HORT-(PRES) PL-butterfly
Let's catch butterflies!


Fvangajou d'dvendra!
Fvanga-jou d'-dvendra
catch-HORT-(PRES) PL-butterfly
Let's catch butterflies!


Fvangajou fvanga'hwá d'dvendra!*
Fvanga-jou fvanga-'hwá d'-dvendra
catch-HORT catch-FUT PL-butterfly
Let's catch butterflies!


Fvangajou fvangahuá d'dvendra!*
Fvanga-jou fvanga-huá d'-dvendra
catch-HORT catch-FUT PL-butterfly
Let's catch butterflies!


The interrogative mood can be used together with any other mood, but all other moods are mutually exclusive. When the interrogative is used with another mood and present simple tense, the verb must again be reduplicated, but this time in the form of VERB VERB-MOOD. The first verb is the interrogative, but the suffix from it is dropped. The simple tense is again unmarked. The verb is always moved to the end of the sentence when it has interrogative mood.

Uz d'dvendra fvangaí?
Uz d'-dvendra fvanga-í
2S PL-butterfly catch-INT-(PRES)
Do you catch butterflies?


Uz d'dvendra fvangaí?
Uz d'-dvendra fvanga-í
2S PL-butterfly catch-INT-(PRES)
Do you catch butterflies?


d'Dvendra fvanga fvangajou?
d'-Dvendra fvanga fvanga-jou
PL-butterfly catch-(INT)-(PRES) catch-HORT
Shall we catch butterflies?


d'Dvendra fvanga fvangajou?
d'-Dvendra fvanga fvanga-jou
PL-butterfly catch-(INT)-(PRES) catch-HORT
Shall we catch butterflies?


If a verb is used together with the interrogative, another mood, and a tense that is not present simple, then the usual VERB-MOOD VERB-TENSE format is used, without marking the interrogative. Because the verb is moved to the end of the sentence, it is clear that the sentence is a question.

d'Dvendra fvangajou fvanga'hwá?*
d'-Dvendra fvanga-jou fvanga-'hwá
PL-butterfly catch-HORT catch-FUT
Shall we catch butterflies?
d'Dvendra fvangajou fvangahuá?*
d'-Dvendra fvanga-jou fvanga-huá
PL-butterfly catch-HORT catch-FUT
Shall we catch butterflies?


The conditional mood, which is used to mark what the consequence of some action would be, only exists in Quadralónia. In Qwadralónia, an explanation clause just follows an if-clause without any marking.

Uz fvanget leprekān, huo heo'hwá gould
Uz fvang-et leprekān huo heo-'hwá gould
2S catch-HYP-(PRES) leprechaun 3S give-FUT gold
If you catch a leprechaun, he will give you gold.


Uz fvanget leprekaan, huo hewas heohuá gould
Uz fvang-et leprekaan huo heo-was heo-huá gould
2S catch-HYP-(PRES) leprechaun 3S give-COND give-FUT gold
If you catch a leprechaun, he will give you gold.

Verbal morphophonology in Qwadralónia

  • The hortatory suffix is -jou if the verb ends with -a and -£ou if the verb ends with a polyphthong which does not end with -a. With verbs ending with -ejn, this becomes -enjou. In all other cases the suffix is -ou.
  • When the interrogative suffix is added to a verb ending with -a or -o, the end of the verb is pronounced with ingressive airflow (both the -a or -o forms a diphthong with the -í, and the whole diphthong is ingressive). If the verb ends with -i, the end of the verb is pronounced [ɪ.↓ɪˑ].
  • When the hypothetical suffix is added to a verb, the final vowel of that verb is deleted, unless it is -i.

Verbal morphophonology in Quadralónia

  • The hortatory suffix is -jou if the verb ends with -a and -£ou if the verb ends with a polyphthong which does not end with -a. With verbs ending with -ejn, this becomes -enjou. In all other cases the suffix is -ou.
  • When the interrogative suffix is added to a verb ending with -a or -o, the end of the verb is pronounced with ingressive airflow (both the -a or -o forms a diphthong with the -í, and the whole diphthong is ingressive). If the verb ends with -i, the end of the verb is pronounced [ɪ.↓ɪˑ].
  • When the hypothetical suffix is added to a verb, the final vowel of that verb is deleted, unless it is -i.
  • When the conditional suffix is used, the verb must be turned into its reduced stem form before the suffix is attached.

Copula

Qwynegold has two copulas, ze ['z] and ejn ['ejn]. Ze is used for describing what something is, while ejn is used for describing where something is. Ze is however dropped when between a noun and an adjective, if in present simple tense and without any mood. Ze is an irregular verb (see table below) while ejn is conjugated the same way as a regular -ejn verb.

d'Xubu ze d'ambtelei.
d'-Xubu ze d'-ambtelei
PL-tooth is PL-bone
Teeth are bones.


d'Xubu ze d'ambtelei.
d'-Xubu ze d'-ambtelei
PL-tooth is PL-bone
Teeth are bones.


Th lūna jiew.
Th lūna jiew
the moon light
The moon has a light color.


La lúna jiew.
La lúna jiew
the moon light
The moon has a light color.


Arktis ejn nort.
Arktis ejn nort
Arctica is north
The Arctica is in the north.


Arktis ejn nordt.
Arktis ejn nordt
Arctica is north
The Arctica is in the north.


Suppletive forms of ze
Type of conjugation form Conjugation form Suppletion in Qwadralónia Suppletion in Quadralónia
Tense/aspect Pluperfect tlan - had been tlan - had been
Tense/aspect Present perfect tla - have been tla - have been
Tense Preterite hyeh - was hyeh - was
Tense Present simple ze - is ze - is
Tense Future hwá - will be huá - will be
Tense/aspect Future perfect hwán - will have been huan - will have been
Mood Imperative zēe - be! zeee - be!
Mood Hortatory zoue - let's be £ou - let's be
Mood Hypothetical zete - if ... was zete - if ... was
Mood Conditional - was - would be

There is no *connecting form of ze (or ejn) because it can't be used together with another verb.

Interrogative sentences are formed a little differently when the verb is ze. The form used is (Th) NOUN1 COP NOUN/ADJí or (La) NOUN1 COP NOUN2í/ADJí. COP is ze in any of it's suppletive forms.

Uz ze polístí?
Uz ze políst-í
2SG is.PRES police-INT
Are you a policeman?


Uz ze polístí?
Uz ze políst-í
2SG is.PRES police-INT
Are you a policeman?


Th luang hyeh medalongí?
Th luang hyeh medalong-í
the boat was green-INT
Was the boat green?


La luang hyeh medalongí?
La luang hyeh medalong-í
the boat was green-INT
Was the boat green?


Just like with normal verbs, present simple tense is unmarked if used together with another mood. If a mood needs to be used together with some other tense, reduplication is done like in other verbs. The interrogative suffix may still be added to the end of the sentence.

Zoue hwá fantāsifameli!
Zoue hwá fantāsi-fameli
be.HORT be.FUT fantasy-family
Let's play family!


£ou huá fan'ttasihojd!
£ou huá fan'ttasi-hojd
be.HORT be.FUT fantasy-family
Let's play family!


Zoue hwá fantāsifamelií?
Zoue hwá fantāsi-fameli-í
be.HORT be.FUT fantasy-family-INT
Shall we play family?


£ou huá fan'ttasihojdí?
£ou huá fan'ttasi-hojd-í
be.HORT be.FUT fantasy-family-INT
Shall we play family?

Adjectives

Comparison Suffix in Qwadralónia Example in Qwadralónia Suffix in Quadralónia Example in Quadralónia
Positive - guo - good
lkongivas - forested
terroevas - terrible
- gao - good
lkonges - forested
øedhæides - terrible
Comparative -ng guong - better
lkonging - more forested
terroeng - more terrible
-lio gaolio - better
lkongelio - more forested
øedhæidelio - more terrible
Superlative -lao guolao - best
lkongilao - most forested
terroelao - most terrible
-lao gaolao - best
lkongelao - most forested
øedhæidelao - most terrible

Adjective morphophonology in Qwadralónia

Adjectives with the derivative ending -vas (see Derivation below) lose the -vas when the comparative or superlative suffix is added (if the derivative ending contains the epenthetic -i-, the -i- is kept however.

Adjective morphophonology in Quadralónia

Adjectives with the derivative ending -(d)es (see Derivation below) keep the -(d)e- but lose the -s when the comparative or superlative suffix is added.

Article

There is a definite article in Qwynegold, influenced by European languages (English in the case of Qwadralónia and Spanish in the case of Quadralónia). The definite article is th in Qwadralónia and la in Quadralónia. The article preceeds the noun it refers to, except in one case in Qwadralónia, see Location.

Syntax

In an active voice sentence, the word order is SVO. Neither voice or what sentence element a noun belongs to is marked in Qwynegold. Pronouns however do have an accusative case.

Th heponen cö́gah d'apleh.
Th heponen cö́ga-h d'-apleh
the horse search-PRES PL-apple
The horse is looking for apples.


La hestia cærhah d'æpla.
La hestia cærha-h d'-æpla
the horse search-PRES PL-apple
The horse is looking for apples.


Transitivity is not explicitly marked, so intransitive sentences simply have the structure of SV.

Ix lin'gwah nwon!
Ix lin'gwa-h nwon
I speak-PRES now
I'm speaking now!


Ix linggwah nyije!
Ix linggwa-h nyije
I speak-PRES now
I'm speaking now!

Location

The structure (Th) NOUN1 ejn ADV érNOUN2 (th) is used in Qwadralónia to describe where something is. NOUN2 is the place where it is located, and NOUN1 is what is located there. Quadralónia has a different place of the article: (La) NOUN1 ejn (la) ADV érNOUN2.

Th apleh ejn tau éruvon th.
Th apleh ejn tau ér-uvon th
The apple is inside GEN-oven the
The apple is in the oven.


La æpla ejn la tau érungnov.
La æpla ejn la tau ér-ungnov
The apple is the inside GEN-oven
The apple is in the oven.


List of the most common adverbs
English Qwadralónia Quadralónia
above upon upon
far from lāo lua
in; inside tau tau
near vutalieh vutijaeh
next to asun asun
on (top of) fued fued
under hua hua


The NOUN2 can be dropped, if it is clear from context what is meant, except when the adverb is fued. The locational pronouns koa (here), uej (there-2nd p.) and est (there-3rd p.) are always used this way.

Huo ejn tau.
Huo ejn tau
3SG is inside
S/he is inside (indoors).


Huo ejn tau.
Huo ejn tau
3SG is inside
S/he is inside (indoors).


Poly d'mango ejn est.
Poly d'-mango ejn est
Many PL-mango is there.3P
There are many mangoes over there.


Poly d'mango ejn est.
Poly d'-mango ejn est
Many PL-mango is there.3P
There are many mangoes over there.

Derivation

Derivational affixes marked by a dagger (†) only exist in foreign loanwords.

Name of derivation (if there exists any) Function Affix in Qwadralónia Example in Qwadralónia Affix in Quadralónia Example in Quadralónia
Demonym Turns the name of a country into a word for an inhabitant of that country -iósa Sverje > Sverjiósa - Sweden > Swede -iósa Sverje > Sverjiósa - Sweden > Swede
Turns the name of a country into a word for the language spoken there -ióla Sverje > Sverjióla - Sweden > Swedish -ióla Sverje > Sverjióla - Sweden > Swedish
Infinitive Turns a verb into a noun (to X, or the act of doing X) - etoli - running; to run - etoli - running; to run
Deverbal nouns Turns a verb into a noun which is the result of the act of the verb <verb is reduced to it's stem> etoli > etol - run > running <verb is reduced to it's stem> etoli > etol - run > running
Turns a verb into a noun as an occurrence (Xtion; Xsion) -£ion evolu£ion - evolution -§ion evolu§ion - evolution
Turns a verb into a person performing the act -ua raiha > raihua - survive > survivor -ua raiha > raihua - survive > survivor
Turns an adjective into a noun <adjective is reduced to it's stem> sardo > sard - red > redness <adjective is reduced to it's stem> sumhao > sumha - red > redness
Turns a noun into an adjective (has the property of X) -(i)vas, -i vest > vestivas - west > western
aqua > aquavas - water > watery
lux > luxi - light (N.) > light (Adj.)
-(d)es, -i vest > vestes - west > western
aqua > aquades - water > watery
lus > lusi - light (N.) > light (Adj.)
Past passive participle Turns a verb into an adjective describing what something is subjected to -uk lin'gwa > lin'gwauk - speak > spoken
döyshän > döyshänuk - *?
trejn > trejnuk - train > trained
-<vowel length>t, -eet linggwa > linggwaat - speak > spoken
duyshæn > duyshæneet - *?
trejn > trejneet - train > trained
Present active participle Turns a verb into an adjective describing a person who is doing something (doer of X) -i, -vas lin'gwa > lin'gwai - speak > speaking
etoli > etolivas - run > running
döyshän > döyshäni - *?
trejn > trejni - train > training
-i, -des linggwa > linggwai - speak > speaking
etoli > etolides - run > runnning
duyshæn > duyshæni - *?
trejn > trejni - train > training
Turns an adverb into an adjective (has the property of being X) -a, -wa tau > taua - inside > (the) inside (one)
hua > huawa - under > (the) bottom (one)
-a, -wa tau > taua - inside > (the) inside (one)
hua > huawa - under > (the) bottom (one)
Turns a numeral into an adjective -i sixnull > sixnulli - sixty > sixty-year old; from the 1960s; etc. -i hexanull > hexanulli - sixty > sixty-year old; from the 1960s; etc.
Turns a noun into a verb (do X) -li grāf > grāfli - writing > write -sa, -l graaf > graafsa - writing > write
mortua > mortual - murder (N.) > murder (V.)
Turns a numeral into a verb (make X number of times, make X number of copies) -a trí > tría - three > make 3 copies; repeat 3 times -a trí > tría - three > make 3 copies; repeat 3 times

The infinitive is used when referring to some act as a noun. For example:

Zorda dajhān guo non.
Zorda dajhān guo non
injure-(INF) people good not
It's not good to hurt people.


Zorda inchal gao non.
Zorda inchal gao non
injure-(INF) people good not
It's not good to hurt people.


Ix trenjyeh etoli.
Ix tren-jyeh etoli
I train-PRET run-INF
I practised running.


Ix trenjyeh etoli.
Ix tren-jyeh etoli
I train-PRET run-INF
I practised running.


The deverbal noun form is the result of a verb, but it can also be a reference to a single act (therefore the definite article is not used together with this form).

Uz d''zorde* jiwaí jiwahyeh
Uz d''-zorde jiwa-í jiwa-hyeh
2SG PL-injure-(DVN) sustain-INT sustain-PRET
*From zorda (injure V.). The final <e> marks that the <z> stands for a lax phoneme.
Did you sustain injuries?.


Uz d''zorde* jiwaí jiwahyeh
Uz d''-zorde jiwa-í jiwa-hyeh
2SG PL-injure-(DVN) sustain-INT sustain-PRET
*From zorda (injure V.). The final <e> marks that the <z> stands for a lax phoneme.
Did you sustain injuries?.


Ikē hyeh guo quich*!
Ikē hyeh guo quich
that was good kick-(DVN)
*From quichpa (kick V.)
That was a good kick!


Ikee hyeh gao lykcho*!
Ikee hyeh gao lykcho
that was good kick-(DVN)
*From lykchoi (kick V.)
That was a good kick!


There are two ways to form adjectives from nouns. The -i suffix is lexically determined to be used with certain words, while -(i)vas or -(d)es is the productive suffix.

The meaning of a numeral turned into an adjective is highly context-dependent. It could be used to descibe a person with a certain age, a thing related to a certain decade or century, a thing having a certain number of parts or certain measures.

Derivational morphophonology in Qwadralónia

When the adjectival -(i)vas suffix is used, the -i- is only included if the word the suffix is attached to ends with a consonant.

When forming the present active participle, the -vas suffix is only used on verbs that end with -i.

When turning adverbs into adjectives, the -a suffix is used when the adverb ends with -aV or a single vowel which is not a. The -wa suffix is used when the adverb ends with -a or -VV.

When turning a numeral into an adjective, and the numeral ends with a vowel, that last vowel is deleted, unless it is a halflong vowel.

The process of turning numerals into verbs is quite irregular, so here is a complete list of verbified numerals:
0 - nulla
1 - monoa
2 - twáa
3 - tría
4 - quada
5 - penta
6 - sixta
7 - septa
8 - okta
9 - novena
10 - tina
100 - handra
1 000 - tanhra
1 000 000 - miljōna
1 000 000 000 - miljārda
1 000 000 000 000 - biljōna
1 000 000 000 000 000 -triljōna

Derivational morphophonology in Quadralónia

When the adjectival -(d)es suffix is used, the -d- is only included if the word the suffix is attached to ends with a vowel.

If the word that the past passive participle is attached to ends with a consonant, the suffix -eet is used.

When forming the present active participle, the -des suffix is only used on verbs that end with -i.

When turning adverbs into adjectives, the -a suffix is used when the adverb ends with -aV or a single vowel which is not a. The -wa suffix is used when the adverb ends with -a or -VV.

When turning a numeral into an adjective, and the numeral ends with a vowel, that last vowel is deleted, unless it is a halflong vowel.

When turning a noun into a verb, the -l suffix is used if the noun ends with a polyphthong, in all other cases the -sa suffix is used.

The process of turning numerals into verbs is quite irregular, so here is a complete list of verbified numerals (the compound final form numerals are shown at the end of the list (see Numerals)):
0 - nulla
1 - monoa
2 - dúa
3 - tría
4 - qua'dra
5 - pentaga
6 - hexa
7 - septa
8 - okta
9 - novema
10 - tezae
100 - centa
1 000 - milla
1 000 000 - miljona
1 000 000 000 - miljaarda
1 000 000 000 000 - biljona
1 000 000 000 000 000 - triljona
X0 - nulla
X1 - monoa
X2 - dua
X3 - tría
X4 - qua'dra
X5 - pentaga
X6 - hexa
X7 - septa
X8 - okta
X9 - novema