NOUNS of ABCL
BASIC/ROOT NOUNS
“Basic/root nouns” consist principally of five letters (CVCCV). There are however nouns derived from verbs, adjectives and other nouns having five-six-seven letters. They all end on a vowel same as the basic nouns. Adding the sixth and seventh letter was necessary to avoid ambiguities with the root nouns and the double vowels. The root nouns are classified in 19 noun classes, each of them heading a special area of use, such as “body”, “human”, “animals”, plants, “mental”, psychology-spirit”, “social”, “economy”, “daily home”, “health”, “pastime”,” nature and environment”, “science”, “technic”, “construction- transport”, “time”, “measurement”, “military” and “others”. Each of them has its own special initial consonant. Considering “S” is being the mostly utilized initial consonant in many languages, we preferred it for the “heading” BODY and HUMAN, which are mostly mentioned in daily speaking.
This partly philosophical approach of word creation is not favoured by some critics, saying words differing by an end vowel (or consonant) only, could be mixed up easily. This may seem at first sight true but many world languages have similar words, which is not considered as a problem for them. Even so, the grouping and classification of words as done in ABCL have the big advantage of connotation for memorizing or remembering a word.
Nouns are created by the use of an Excel matrix; an example for the main topic “BODY” is shown below.
For this heading, CVCCV is selected as S#N##, whereas S and N being basic consonants for the heading “BODY”. The subtopics are constructed by varying first vocal in lateral line of the matrix from “A” to “Ü” (also 8 vocals=8 columns) (here, for example, for subtitle “Head”, first varying vowel being “İ”, first syllable is “SİN” and for the following subtitle “Upper Body”, it is SON ). Now for each subheading having a fixed CVC (e.g. SİN), the fourth letter (consonant) will be kept, the fifth letter (a vowel) will be varied from “A” to “Ü” (“SİN”C#), building a block with 8 columns. Vertically, at the each column of the matrix the fourth letter (a consonant) will be varied from “B” to “Z” (“SİN”C*”a”… 20 in total). This way for each subtopic 8×20=160 nouns could be created theoretically. For one heading (e.g. “BODY” with the corresponding fixed consonants “SAN”##, “SİN”## etc. as here) we could have 8×160=1280 nouns. Varying “N” in this scheme from “B” to “Z”, we will have 20×1280=25 600 nouns beginning with “S”. And for 20 initial consonants, we could have created 20×25 600=512 000 nouns with this matrix scheme.
As said above, we aim to utilize for the Level 1 about 5000 nouns only, so we can effort dropping combination with difficult pronunciations (for example with the letters “J” or “I” and for the sake of vowel harmony etc. Fully utilization of the matrix might be required for the medical and scientific/technical terms only, if any. The matrix scheme would also allow using of the computer programs for word creation and translation.
The matrix allows further sub-subheading such as of the “Head”, the first column (SİN#e) indicating sense organs like eye, nose, ear (denoted as sine: primary) and further columns right of them, the subparts of first noun at the beginning (denoted as “seconders”). For example: eye (sinye) (first column), then in the same row; iris (sinyi), eyelid (sinyo), pupil (sinyü). Being Excel table, the matrix allows right click explanation for each cell, where we can put the meaning of a word in any language.
ABCL nouns of group S#N##* (BODY) (selected partially as example)
SİN: HEAD
| SinC*a,e: Primary | SinC*e-i-o-ö-ü: Secondary |
|---|
| sin#a,e | sin#e,i | sin#i,o | sin#o,ö | sin#ö,ü | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sinha | head | sinhe | eye brow | sinhi | eye lash | sinhö | ... | sinhü | ... | ||||
| sinbe | skull | sinbi | scalp | sinbö | jaw,chin | sinbü | cheekbone | ||||||
| sinfa | face | sinfe | cheek | sinfo | forehead | sinfö | jaw | sinfü | |||||
| sinma | mouth | sinme | palate | sinmi | lip | sinmo | tongue | sinmö | poach | ||||
| sinna | nose | sinni | sinus | sinno | nostril | sinnö | nosal bone | sinnü | |||||
| ........... | |||||||||||||
| sinta | tooth | sinte | canine tooth | sinti | grinder | sinto | foretooth | sintu | gum | ||||
| sinye | eye | sinyi | iris | sinyo | eyelid | sinyö | sinyü | pupil | |||||
| sinze | ear | sinzi | inner ear | sinzo | earlobe | sinzö | middle ear | sinzü |
Prosodics are generally not required. However to avoid the misunderstanding due to close sounds of some vocals the (especially second) syllables must be accentuated.
DERIVED NOUNS
Nouns will be derived from nouns, verbs and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a vowel as the root nouns.
Contents
Deverbal Nouns
| ABCL Suffix Level 1 | ABCL Suffix Level 2 | Example: ABCL noun (Level 2) | English Suffix | Some English Nouns as Samples, (nouns given in italic translated in ABCL only) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| _aya | _aya | kuc.aya | _, _age, _ure | cut, bore, leakage, creature | |||
| _aya | _aya | çöp.aya | _/t)ion | protrusion, indication, motion, division, organization, evaporation | |||
| _aya | _aya | reh.aya | heap | ||||
| _aya | _aya | han.aya | _ing | building, being, writing, dead, smell, piping | |||
| _aya | _aya | hic.aha | _ate | certificate | |||
| ... | |||||||
| mozzo | _aha | moz.zo (moz.aha) | _ence | joy, fun, thought, excellence | |||
| höm.mö | _aha | höm.mö, tez.ze | _ment | employment, enjoyment, amazement, imprisonment, replacement | |||
| (Verb's last two letters reverse repeated) | |||||||
| CVC.CV | _aha | bol.lo (bol.aha) | love,liking, praise | ||||
| (nomina actionis-name of the action) | |||||||
| _ada | nel.le (nel.ada) | _(t-,s-)ion | relaxation, attention, selection, evaporation, introduction | ||||
| rez.ze | _ada | rez.ze (rez.ada) | _ancy | expectancy,tendency, (walk) | |||
| yun.na | _afa | yun.na(yun.afa) | _ing (gerund) | running,beginning, rejoicing | |||
| ..... | |||||||
| _ana | _ama | höm.ama | _er,_ent,_ory,_ak,_ier | employer, student, servant, baker, liar, governor, waitress, signatory, cashier, cleaner | |||
| _ana | _ana | vus.ana | _er | counter, cleaner, recorder, opener, obstacle, scale, viewer (for _scope: as microscope) | |||
| _aya | _aşa | dan.aşa | _ | dress/clothes(ing)/wear/garment | |||
| _asa | _asa | höm.asa | _ee | employee, refugee, trainee | |||
| _aça | _aça | vüp.aça | _(e)ry | refinery, bakery, laundry, laboratory, dormitory | |||
| _aça | _aca | dir.aca | _ing, _tion | bedding, station (bus stop), aim/target, passage |
According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table. However, we can see that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups "aya, "aşa" (also aha, ada" and “afa”). Even it seems sometimes so as for "expectation via expectancy" the meaning remains almost the same. It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those four. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes allocated to the root verb, not to the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.)
So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we will have lessened suffixes of the groups: 1. "aya" for result/ product of act as real object normally. (nomina acti-quantitative). But sometimes abstract objects included in this category, if the meaning is modified in daily speech as “knowledge”) 2. Suffixes "ama" and "ana" will be merged to "ana" indicating the subject of the act (independently person or thing) only. (nomina agentis) 3. Passive subject suffix "asa" remains as it is. (nomina patientis) 4. Merged suffix is "aça" including also "aca" which denotes the place. (noun loci) 5. The groups "afa" standing for "-ing" (gerund-nomina actions) and “aha” (nomina acti-qualitative, “ada” (nomina actions), suffixes naming the action itself by the name with the form CVC.CV (VCVkkV or VCVllV for verbs derived from adjectives), which means that the last two letters of the verb will be reversed and so suffixed to the verb. This specific type of derived noun has five letters differently of others with six letters in CVCaC*a format. For the abstract deverbal nouns the scheme CVC.CV will be applied, but not for tangible nouns (for things, e.g. bedding, passage) principally.
As stated already for the often-used words we don’t use derived ones but created new if it suits with the existing noun categories. E.g. for to the verb “know=bon” related noun “knowledge”, instead of derived “bonaya”, created noun “bonku” will be used.
Thus, ABCL has finally five derivational suffixes and one specific form for deverbal nouns as shown in first column. The suffixes of the second column at the table above may be used however for the Level 2 if needed. (Shortened in the lists above and below; complete lists of this group can be seen at my URL: http://aydinbaykara.com)
With the help of those five suffixes and assumed two thousand suitable verbs, it would be possible to create 10 000 new nouns for Level 1 only.
Denominal Nouns
| ABCL Suffix L1 | ABCL Suffix L2 | Examp.: ABCL noun L2 | English Suffix | Some English Nouns (Examples) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| _da | _da | salma.da (for abstract nouns) | _hood,_ness,_ity | motherhood, friendship, military, kingdom | ||
| _da | _ha | sinhe.ha | spectacles, woodshed, cucumber, Spielzeug(German) | |||
| _da | _ya | salma.ya (diminutiv) | -y/-n/-en/-on,-ling,-ette | mummy, doggy, chicken, kitten, maiden, darling, diskette | ||
| _ba | _va | pespo.va (sulpo) (affiliation to people- group) | -ian/-er/-man/-ist | politician, librarian, musician, porter, fireman, artist, dentist, racist, Buddhist, atheist | ||
| _ba | _sa | Türkiye.sa | -ish/-ian/-an/-er/-se | Turkish, Algerian, Roman, Chinese (citizen of that country) | ||
| _ba | _ba | sölce.ba | _ish,_ien,_an,(e)r | citizen, villager, republican, English, German (folk) | ||
| _ba | _ra | vatne.ra / sülne | _eer | engineer | ||
| _ta | _ta | banba.ta (relating to a branch, area) | _logy,_nomy,_graphy | biology, psychology, astronomy, stenography, geography, photography | ||
| _ga | _ga | pasna.ga; pisrö.ga | _ism | nationalism; racism | ||
| - | country name | as in the original language, not in English | ||||
| Suffix replaced by compound words | such as | "heat gauge" | -meter | thermometer |
For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix "da" for the suffixes of the Level 2 “da, ha, ya”; the suffix "ba" for "ba, va, ra, sa"(all human related), “ga” for “_ism” and "ta" for scientific nouns. Even if rarely, it is possible that one Level 1 suffix covers two nouns with differing meaning (In the table above "motherhood" and "mummy" are both derived from "mother". With one Level 1 suffix ("da") only, we would have an ambiguity. Therefore, we need here to go back to Level 2, where we have two different suffixes ("da" and "ya") or some particles to highlight the one in mind.
If a noun very frequently used, we defined beside derived one also a root noun for it directly in ABCL as seen above (pespo.ba =sulpo (politician) or vatne.ra=sülne (engineer)). Derivation rules, once memorized, can be applied for new cases also but the word will be longer, other way we have to learn the new noun additionally to derived one, which we consider adequate for the Level 2 only.
Noun Derived from Adjective
| ABCL Suffix | Examp.: ABCL noun | English Suffix | Some English Nouns (Examples) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| _ma | una.ma | -y | pinky | |
| _ma;(x)_ma | ebe.ma, ebex.ma | - | beauty, ugliness | |
| _ma | ofo.ma | _dom | freedom, boredom | |
| _ma | edo.ma | _th | depth, strength | |
| (x)_ma | gav.amox.ma* | _cy | vacancy | |
| _ma | opö.ma | _(en)ce | prominence, absence, residence | |
| _ma | silbi.to.ka | _(al)ity,_ty,_y | sexuality, normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory | |
| _ma | vof.azo.ma* | _(en)cy | fluency, frequency | |
| _ma | asa.ka | _ness | sadness, kindness, darkness, business | |
| _vusdu | oşo.vusdu, ki.vusdu | _gon | polygon, pentagon |
(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “gav.va” and "vof.fo".
Compound/Combined Noun Derivations
| adjective.verb | çöt.ana | telephone |
| adjective.verb | met.ana | television |
| adjective.verb | di*.sese | telescope |
| adjective.verb | bi.*sese | microscope |
| adjective.noun | bi.vonga | lens/magnifier |
| verb.noun | gam.vonga | magnifying glass |
| adjective.noun | şo.bse (oşo-bense) | something |
.*Last two letters of the adjective (edi, ebi, oşo-distant, big, some) as prefix and simple present tense of the verb (ses.e-see) will be used. In case of the combined phrases “verb+noun”, the verb keeps its basic form (infinite) followed by the noun but with separation. (e.g.: fes ((to) serve) and vitka (car) combined to “fes vitka” (service car)). Grammatically the verb acts as the adjective.
Yes and No: Ay and Ya (This pair is considered mostly as noun, therefore placed here)
