Mansi

From FrathWiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is a stub. If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so.

Proto-Mansi

Vowels are coverable and commonly transcribed as a cubic system distinguishing only [±close], [±front], [±labial], [±long]: hence *i *ii *üü *ï *ïï *u *uu *ä *ää *a *aa *å. Long *üü and short *ï are extremely rare and seem to have no regular etymological origin.

In practice the inventory appears to not been quite that neat: long *ii *ïï *uu are better understood as mid vowels [eː ɤː oː]. (Current transcription: *ee *ëë *uu.)

Consonants: *m *n *ń *-ŋ-, *p *t *ć *k *kʷ, *s *š *-ɣ-, *w *l *ĺ *j, *r

  • *kʷ was rare at this stage but did exist: *kʷaal- to hear", *kʷälən "animal hide", *kʷääl- "to wade", *kʷääləɣ "rope", *ëëŋkʷ- "to open", *jeekʷ- "to dance", *ńiŋkʷ "maggot", *sääŋkʷ "hips", *šeeŋkʷ "fog".
    • Update: also all cases of *ü are better analyzable as *äkʷ, *kʷä already by Proto-Mansi. Possibly also *kʷiš "hoop"?
  • *š represent both PU *č, and under certain conditions PU *ś.
    • *ś > *š seems to be regular before PU *i *e: *śilmä #śEnə *śečä (or *čečä?) *śepä *śe/êkä *śêðäm #śêrV, EU *śêlə
    • not in *śe(x)rV > *sir
    • also cases of irregular *ä > *i: *śälä- > *šil- (but: *śäkśə > *siɣs; assimilation?)
    • II loans: #śasra > #šaatər, *śëta > *šɤɤt, *śorBa > *šaarp (but *śëlka > *sɤɤl)
    • not normally before *ë *ä *ü: *śëmə *śo/ëðka *śëla- *śäŋkə *śäxə *śüðʲə *śülkə-.
    • also *śuðʲa > *šaĺ, *śa/ora > *šuur-, *śopa > #šop, #śona > #šon, Ug. *soŋkə > *šuum; F. sampi ~ *šupəɣ, H. záp, szőr ~ *#šaapəl, *šäär
    • related? *sejə > *säj (but *sewə- > *tii-)
  • There seems to be a soundlaw *p > ∅ before coronals
    • *aptə- *ëptə #Säptə *ipsə *küpsV > *uut- *ëët *säät *ät *kʷät (but N äp?)
    • *sopśə > *taas
    • *čuPčV > *šošəɣ (vs. Khanty #čaapčə(k))

Dialectal developments

(cf. Honti, Kálmán, Sammallahti '88; Zhivlov '06)

  • Tavda (Tavdin, South Mansi)
    • *a *ä > *aa *ää / 2nd syllable
    • *ëë > ʌː
      • > eː / _[+palatal]
    • *oo > [uo] (perhaps in part a retention from POU)
    • *ee > ii, except / _r
    • *k > ∅ / ŋ_#
    • Short front vowel redistribution
      • Preliminary cheshirization: *l *n *t > ĺ ń ť / *i_
      • *i > ä
      • *ä > ü / _Cʷ_ (earlier than *ɣ > *w)
      • *ä > i / _j_ (including former *ij but not *ji?), _Ć, ? _š
      • vowel shortening applies only after all this
    • *ow > oː / _C (but not *uw!)
    • *ɣ > j / i_ ë_, > k / C_, > w elsewhere (chronology problem: fronting later than *äj > ij, earlier than *i > *ä: *riɣ- > räj-, but *käj- > kij-? Was there an intermediate *ʝ?)
    • *ë *ä > [ʌ ɛ]
    • *u > o
    • vowel harmony & "thematic verbs" retained
  • Core Mansi
    • *ln > nl in *kalna "armpit", *polna "hemp" (but not *äälən "salmon", *a(a)lən "silver"; note the long vowels?)
    • *lm > ml in *aalm- "drape"?
    • *aa > *oo
    • *ć > ś
    • vowel harmony not present (lost?)
    • Central Mansi
      • *ee > [ie]
      • *ää > *öä
      • *ä > *ää
      • *ü *üü *ii introduced from somewhere (??)
      • Konda (aka East Mansi; Upper, Mid, Lo subdialects)
        • *a > å [ɒ]; > ɔ / _{w ɣ kʷ}
        • *i *ï *u > [ɪ ə ʊ] (written as ‹e a o›!)
        • *-əɣ > -iː
        • Lower Konda: *ë *ëë > [ɑ ɑː] (elsewhere [ɤ ɤː], cf. North), *ə > [ɒ], *k > x / _B, xʷå > xɔ
        • Lower + Mid: kʷ > k / V_
        • Upper + Mid: ∅ > w / #_ʊ, *öä > [oɒ] / _ɣ, *š > s
        • Upper Konda: *üü > [yö] (!?)
      • West Mansi (Pelymka, Mid/Lo Lozva, N/S Vagilsk)
        • *a *o > aa oo (cf. *ä > *ää)
        • *oo > [ɵː] (from both PMs *aa, *a)
        • *öä > oa > P/ML [ɔɒ], LL [oɔ], SV [oɑ]; except NV > [yœ]
        • *ï *ëë remain [ɨ ɤː]
        • *Sɣ *Rɣ > Sː Rː
          • *rɣəC > *rC
        • Pelymka
          • *a > ä / _ɣ , > o / p_
          • *ë > a (short only!)
          • oaj aaj > aj
          • ŋ > ŋk / _ś, _l (elsewhere?)
          • i > ɨ / š_
    • North Mansi (Upper Lozva, Sosva, Sygva)
      • The only dialect group that isn't extinct/moribund; also the basis for literary Mansi.
      • *k > x / _B (before vowel backing/fronting)
      • *ɣ > ŋ / _(ə)n
      • Schwa-epenthesis in various falling-sonority word-final heterorganic consonant clusters (due to Khanty influence?)
        • *-x{t s} *-rx *-jt *-ŋn *-ɣ{s l r} *-wp *-w{l ĺ} > -xə{t s} -rx -jət -ŋən -ɣə{s l r} -wəp -wə{l ĺ}
        • remaining clusters: -lk -rp -kʷs -wt -ws
        • epenthesis is common Mansi in rising-sonority, two-sonorant and CCC clusters *** *ï > i
      • *a > [ɵ] ‹о›
        • but remains [ɑ] ‹а› adjacent to plain velars (phonetic uvulars?), unless a labial consonant follows
      • *ëë > [ɑː] ‹а (а̄)›
      • *ää *ä > *aa *a [ɑː ɑ]
        • *kʷa- > ko- (fed by the previous)
        • *-aŋ > -uŋ
      • *Sɣ > Sː / _V#
      • Sosva
        • *š > s
        • *oo > [uo]
        • *kʷoo- > kuu-

Proto-Mansi *ŋ?

  • *ŋ > w ~ ɣ ~ j
    • 'spear': Tv awtaa ~ C *aawta (VS awta!) ~ N owta; — Kh *ooŋt-
    • 'end': Tv awl ~ C *oowl ~ N oowl; — Kh *aaləŋ
    • 'round': Tv päwər ~ C *pääwər ~ N powr~puwr (< *paɣʷr?); — Kh TrJ *peŋər--
    • 'Tavda; Sosva; Irtysh': Tv täwt ~ E töäwt ~ N taaɣt; — Kh *Leŋət
    • 'to enter': Tv tooj- ~ C *tuuw-; — Kh *ɬaŋaa-
    • 'summer': Tv toj ~ C *tuj ~ N tuj~tuw; — Kh *ɬoŋ
    • 'woods': Tv wäänəw ~ C *wöäniɣ; — Kh *wääntəŋ (← Ir.)
  • *ŋ > n
    • 'we': *mään; Kh *meŋ
    • 'spindle': *jint; — Kh *jööŋət
  • retention (_#?)
    • 'soft': *lańćəŋ; — Kh W *ɭoońćəɣ
    • 'barbel': Tv kääsəŋ ~ C *köäsəŋ ~ N kaasəw; — Kh S kosə
    • 'swan': *kʷotaŋ; — Kh *kotəŋ
    • "woods; hill': E pöäŋtər; — Kh S peŋtər
  • ŋt > wn ?? (or *wŋt?)
    • 'to count': E lownt- ~ N *lowint-; — Kh *loŋət-

Vowel shortening

In South + West + East: *VV > *V / _CC. Must be an areal development between the three, given vowel quality adjustments fed in per individual 'lects. Subdialectal developments of *ë can well be later though.

  • *ä > Central *ää > ä
  • *a > West *aa > a
  • *o > West *oo > o
  • *ää > South ä, East *öä > ö, West *oa > a
  • *aa > South a, Central *oo > o
  • *ee > South ii > i, Central e
  • *ëë > South ë~e, Central ë~a
  • *oo > South o, Central uu > u

In one context shortening appears to have applied already in Proto-Mansi.

  • *aa > *a / _ɣt
  • This could also be a retention of pre-Proto-Mansi *a. Possibly *a vs. *aa was originally rather *ɔ vs. *a (cf. *-a > /aa/ in South).

Some CVC roots also undergo shortening. Could be via simplified CVCC forms or due to regular CVC roots actually being CVCə, or something else entirely. Seems to be mostly a Western phenomenon.

  • *poot 'pot' > Pel. put (but: plural *poot-ət > puut-ət)
  • *aaš 'sheep', *taas 'net needle', *kool 'fish' > Pel. oš, tos, kul (but Konda ooš, toos, xuul!)
  • *jeew (?) 'tree' > Centr. jiw (NB Khanty *juuk, Smy *jë)