User:Ahzoh

Creator of Vrkhazhian, Onschen and Hussite

𞤹𞤸𞤪

WIP Vrkhazhian Case System

Status Absolutus Animate Inanimate Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -am -āya -as -āsa Vocative -ī Accusative -as -āsa Genitive -an -āna -aḫ -āya Equative -īli -īli

Status Constructus Animate Inanimate Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -i -ī -i -ī Vocative Accusative -a -ā -a -ā Genitive Equative -īli -īli

Status Absolutus Animate Inanimate Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -im -īya -is -īsa Accusative -is -īsa Genitive -in -īna -iḫ -īya Equative -īli -īli

Status Constructus Animate Inanimate Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -i -ī -i -ī Accusative -a -ā -a -ā Genitive Equative -īli -īli

Declension of lumbam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative lumbam lumbāya Vocative lumbī Accusative lumbas lumbāsa Genitive lumban lumbāna Equative lumbīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative lumbi lumbī Vocative Accusative lumba lumbā Genitive Equative lumbīli Absolute1 Singular Plural lumub
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of rēbam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative rēbam rēbāya Vocative rēbī Accusative rēbas rēbāsa Genitive rēban rēbāna Equative rēbīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative rēbi rēbī Vocative Accusative rēba rēbā Genitive Equative rēbīli Absolute1 Singular Plural rēb
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of ḫasam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative ḫasam ḫasāya Vocative ḫasī Accusative ḫasas ḫasāsa Genitive ḫasan ḫasāna Equative ḫasīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative ḫasi ḫasī Vocative Accusative ḫasa ḫasā Genitive Equative ḫasīli Absolute1 Singular Plural ḫas
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of simbam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative simbam simbāya Vocative simbī Accusative simbas simbāsa Genitive simban simbāna Equative simbīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative simbi simbī Vocative Accusative simba simbā Genitive Equative simbīli Absolute1 Singular Plural simib
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of ʾannam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative ʾannam ʾannāya Vocative ʾannī Accusative ʾannas ʾannāsa Genitive ʾannan ʾannāna Equative ʾannīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative ʾanni ʾannī Vocative Accusative ʾanna ʾannā Genitive Equative ʾannīli Absolute1 Singular Plural ʾan
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of ʾaddam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative ʾaddam ʾaddāya Vocative ʾaddī Accusative ʾaddas ʾaddāsa Genitive ʾaddan ʾaddāna Equative ʾaddīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative ʾaddi ʾaddī Vocative Accusative ʾadda ʾaddā Genitive Equative ʾaddīli Absolute1 Singular Plural ʾad
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of zandam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative zandam zandāya Vocative zandī Accusative zandas zandāsa Genitive zandan zandāna Equative zandīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative zandi zandī Vocative Accusative zanda zandā Genitive Equative zandīli Absolute1 Singular Plural zanad
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of Māmam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative Māmam — Vocative Māmī Accusative Māmas — Genitive Māman — Equative Māmīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative Māmi — Vocative Accusative Māma — Genitive Equative Māmīli Absolute1 Singular Plural Mām
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of Ḳūnam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative Ḳūnam — Vocative Ḳūnī Accusative Ḳūnas — Genitive Ḳūnan — Equative Ḳūnīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative Ḳūni — Vocative Accusative Ḳūna — Genitive Equative Ḳūnīli Absolute1 Singular Plural Ḳūn
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of Nardam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative Nardam — Vocative Nardī Accusative Nardas — Genitive Nardan — Equative Nardīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative Nardi — Vocative Accusative Narda — Genitive Equative Nardīli Absolute1 Singular Plural Narad
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of wāśam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative wāśam wāśāya Vocative wāśī Accusative wāśas wāśāsa Genitive wāśan wāśāna Equative wāśīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative wāśi wāśī Vocative Accusative wāśa wāśā Genitive Equative wāśīli Absolute1 Singular Plural wāś
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of ḫurras (inan.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative ḫurras ḫurrāsa Vocative Accusative Genitive ḫurraḫ ḫurrāya Equative ḫurrīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative ḫurri ḫurrī Vocative Accusative ḫurra ḫurrā Genitive Equative ḫurrīli Absolute1 Singular Plural ḫur
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of dakam (an.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative dakam dakāya Vocative dakī Accusative dakas dakāsa Genitive dakan dakāna Equative dakīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative daki dakī Vocative Accusative daka dakā Genitive Equative dakīli Absolute1 Singular Plural dak
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of zānas (inan.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative zānas zānāsa Vocative Accusative Genitive zānaḫ zānāya Equative zānīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative zāni zānī Vocative Accusative zāna zānā Genitive Equative zānīli Absolute1 Singular Plural zān
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of waddas (inan.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative waddas waddāsa Vocative Accusative Genitive waddaḫ waddāya Equative waddīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative waddi waddī Vocative Accusative wadda waddā Genitive Equative waddīli Absolute1 Singular Plural wad
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

Declension of kurkas (inan.)
Governed Singular Plural Nominative kurkas kurkāsa Vocative Accusative Genitive kurkaḫ kurkāya Equative kurkīli Construct Singular Plural Nominative kurki kurkī Vocative Accusative kurka kurkā Genitive Equative kurkīli Absolute1 Singular Plural kuruk
1The absolute state of the noun is primarily used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence as well as nouns modified by a numeral. It is also used in names.

WIP Verb System

Strong Verbs ḫaśras namras parḫas "???" "be evil" "speak, say" 1sg ḫaśurni namirni paraḫni 2sg ḫaśurma namirma paraḫma 3sg ḫaśurta namirta paraḫta 1pl ḫaśurti namirti paraḫti 2pl ḫaśurman namirman paraḫman 3pl ḫaśurtan namirtan paraḫtan

I-Weak Verbs yaźbas wasḫas ˀaldas ??? "???" "be loyal" "fight" "???" 1sg yaźubni wasiḫni ˀalanni ??? 2sg yaźumma wasiḫma ˀaladma ??? 3sg yaźubta wasiḫta ˀalatta ??? 1pl yaźubti wasiḫti ˀalatti ??? 2pl yaźumman wasiḫman ˀaladman ??? 3pl yaźubtan wasiḫtan ˀalattan ???

II-Weak Verbs dūlas tīlas ṣābas lēbas "dig, reveal" "destroy" "kill" "give" 1sg dūlni tīlni ṣābni lēbni 2sg dūlma tīlma ṣāmma lēmma 3sg dūlta tīlta ṣābta lēbta 1pl dūlti tīlti ṣābti lēbti 2pl dūlman tīlman ṣāmman lēmman 3pl dūltan tīltan ṣābtan lēbtan

III-Weak Verbs ??? rāsas mālas kēmas "???" "be good" "heal" "go up, rise" 1sg ??? rasīni malāni kemēni 2sg ??? rasīma malāma kemēma 3sg ??? rasīsa malāsa kemēsa 1pl ??? rasīti malāti kemēti 2pl ??? rasīman malāman kemēman 3pl ??? rasīsan malāsan kemēsan

Summary

Vrkhazhian Verb Derivation

Prefix(es)	Internal Change	Function	Example	Notes
—	—	ACTIVE
—	-ā-	PLURACTIONAL		Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
—	Reduplication	PLURACTIONAL, FACTITIVE
sa-	—	CAUSATIVE
	-ā-	CAUSATIVE PLURACTIONAL		Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
	Reduplication
ma-	—	APPLICATIVE
	-ā-	APPLICATIVE PLURACTIONAL		Rare, sound and III-weak verbs only
	Reduplication

Active Voice

Conjugation (strong, a/u-class) P-R-Ḫ (speak, say) Infinitive parḫas Participle parriḫ- Affirmative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg paraḫni napruḫni tapruḫni ḫapruḫni parḫanni — 2.sg paraḫma napruḫma tapruḫma ḫapruḫma parḫamma parḫū 3.sg paraḫta napruḫta tapruḫta ḫapruḫta parḫatta parḫā 1.pl paraḫti napruḫti tapruḫti ḫapruḫti parḫatti — 2.pl paraḫman napruḫman tapruḫman ḫapruḫman parḫamman parḫūna 3.pl paraḫtan napruḫtan tapruḫtan ḫapruḫtan parḫattan parḫāna Negative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg paraḫnisi napruḫnisi tapruḫnisi ḫapruḫnisi parḫannisi 2.sg paraḫmasi napruḫmasi tapruḫmasi ḫapruḫmasi parḫammasi 3.sg paraḫtasi napruḫtasi tapruḫtasi ḫapruḫtasi parḫattasi 1.pl paraḫtisi napruḫtisi tapruḫtisi ḫapruḫtisi parḫattisi 2.pl paraḫmasin napruḫmasin tapruḫmasin ḫapruḫmasin parḫammasin 3.pl paraḫtasin napruḫtasin tapruḫtasin ḫapruḫtasin parḫattasin

Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class) Y-N-D (catch) Infinitive yandas Participle yannid- Affirmative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg yananni nīnanni tīnanni ḫīnanni yandanni — 2.sg yanadma nīnadma tīnadma ḫīnadma yandamma yandū 3.sg yanatta nīnatta tīnatta ḫīnatta yandatta yandā 1.pl yanatti nīnatti tīnatti ḫīnatti yandatti — 2.pl yanadman nīnadman tīnadman ḫīnadman yandamman yandūna 3.pl yanattan nīnattan tīnattan ḫīnattan yandattan yandāna Negative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg yanannisi nīnannisi tīnannisi ḫīnannisi yandannisi 2.sg yanadmasi nīnadmasi tīnadmasi ḫīnadmasi yandammasi 3.sg yanattasi nīnattasi tīnattasi ḫīnattasi yandattasi 1.pl yanattisi nīnattisi tīnattisi ḫīnattisi yandattisi 2.pl yanadmasin nīnadmasin tīnadmasin ḫīnadmasin yandammasin 3.pl yanattasin nīnattasin tīnattasin ḫīnattasin yandattasin

Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class) Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill) Infinitive ṣābas Participle ṣibb- Affirmative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg ṣābni naṣābni taṣābni ḫaṣābni ṣābanni — 2.sg ṣāmma naṣāmma taṣāmma ḫaṣāmma ṣābamma ṣābū 3.sg ṣābta naṣābta taṣābta ḫaṣābta ṣābatta ṣābā 1.pl ṣābti naṣābti taṣābti ḫaṣābti ṣābatti — 2.pl ṣāmman naṣāmman taṣāmman ḫaṣāmman ṣābamman ṣābūna 3.pl ṣābtan naṣābtan taṣābtan ḫaṣābtan ṣābattan ṣābāna Negative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg ṣābnisi naṣābnisi taṣābnisi ḫaṣābnisi ṣābannisi 2.sg ṣāmmasi naṣāmmasi taṣāmmasi ḫaṣāmmasi ṣābammasi 3.sg ṣābtasi naṣābtasi taṣābtasi ḫaṣābtasi ṣābattasi 1.pl ṣābtisi naṣābtisi taṣābtisi ḫaṣābtisi ṣābattisi 2.pl ṣāmmasin naṣāmmasin taṣāmmasin ḫaṣāmmasin ṣābammanis 3.pl ṣābtasin naṣābtasin taṣābtasin ḫaṣābtasin ṣābattasin

Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class) R-S-Y (be good, be moral) Infinitive rāsas Participle rassi- Affirmative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg rasīni narsīni tarsīni ḫarsīni rāsanni — 2.sg rasīma narsīma tarsīma ḫarsīma rāsamma rāsū 3.sg rasīsa narsīsa tarsīsa ḫarsīsa rāsatta rāsā 1.pl rasīti narsīti tarsīti ḫarsīti rāsatti — 2.pl rasīman narsīman tarsīman ḫarsīman rāsamman rāsūna 3.pl rasīsan narsīsan tarsīsan ḫarsīsan rāsattan rāsāna Negative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg rasīnisi narsīnisi tarsīnisi ḫarsīnisi rāsannisi 2.sg rasīmasi narsīmasi tarsīmasi ḫarsīmasi rāsammasi 3.sg rasīsasi narsīsasi tarsīsasi ḫarsīsasi rāsattasi 1.pl rasītisi narsītisi tarsītisi ḫarsītisi rāsattisi 2.pl rasīmasin narsīmasin tarsīmasin ḫarsīmasin rāsammasin 3.pl rasīsasin narsīsasin tarsīsasin ḫarsīsasin rāsattasin

Pluractional

Conjugation (strong, a/u-class) P-R-R-Ḫ (say many things) Infinitive parraḫas Participle parriḫ- Affirmative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg parraḫni naparruḫni taparruḫni ḫaparruḫni parraḫanni — 2.sg parraḫma naparruḫma taparruḫma ḫaparruḫma parraḫamma parraḫū 3.sg parraḫta naparruḫta taparruḫta ḫaparruḫta parraḫatta parraḫā 1.pl parraḫti naparruḫti taparruḫti ḫaparruḫti parraḫatti — 2.pl parraḫman naparruḫman taparruḫman ḫaparruḫman parraḫamman parraḫūna 3.pl parraḫtan naparruḫtan taparruḫtan ḫaparruḫtan parraḫattan parraḫāna Negative Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Jussive Imperative 1.sg parraḫnisi naparruḫnisi taparruḫnisi ḫaparruḫnisi parraḫannisi 2.sg parraḫmasi naparruḫmasi taparruḫmasi ḫaparruḫmasi parraḫammasi 3.sg parraḫtasi naparruḫtasi taparruḫtasi ḫaparruḫtasi parraḫattasi 1.pl parraḫtisi naparruḫtisi taparruḫtisi ḫaparruḫtisi parraḫattisi 2.pl parraḫmasin naparruḫmasin taparruḫmasin ḫaparruḫmasin parraḫammasin 3.pl parraḫtasin naparruḫtasin taparruḫtasin ḫaparruḫtasin parraḫattasin

Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class) Y-N-D (catch) Infinitive yannadas Participle yannid- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg yannanni ninnanni tinnanni ḫinnanni yannadanni — 2.sg yannadma ninnadma tinnadma ḫinnadma yannadamma yannadū 3.sg yannatta ninnatta tinnatta ḫinnatta yannadatta yannadā 1.pl yannatti ninnatti tinnatti ḫinnatti yannadatti — 2.pl yannadman ninnadman tinnadman ḫinnadman yannadamman yannadūna 3.pl yanattan ninnattan tinnattan ḫinnattan yannadattan yannadāna

Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class) Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill) Infinitive ṣabbas Participle ṣibb- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg ṣâbni naṣâbni taṣâbni ḫaṣâbni ṣabbanni — 2.sg ṣâmma naṣâmma taṣâmma ḫaṣâmma ṣabbamma ṣabbū 3.sg ṣâbta naṣâbta taṣâbta ḫaṣâbta ṣabbatta ṣabbā 1.pl ṣâbti naṣâbti taṣâbti ḫaṣâbti ṣabbatti — 2.pl ṣâmman naṣâmman taṣâmman ḫaṣâmman ṣabbamman ṣabbūna 3.pl ṣâbtan naṣâbtan taṣâbtan ḫaṣâbtan ṣabbattan ṣabbāna

Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class) R-S-Y (be good, be moral) Infinitive rassâs Participle rassi- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg rassīni narassīni tarassīni ḫarassīni rassanni — 2.sg rassīma narassīma tarassīma ḫarassīma rassamma rassû 3.sg rassīsa narassīsa tarassīsa ḫarassīsa rassatta rassâ 1.pl rassīti narassīti tarassīti ḫarassīti rassatti — 2.pl rassīman narassīman tarassīman ḫarassīman rassamman rassûna 3.pl rassīsan narassīsan tarassīsan ḫarassīsan rassattan rassâna

Applicative Voice

Benefactive

Conjugation (strong, a-class) P-R-Ḫ (speak, say) Infinitive supruḫas Participle supruḫ- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg sapraḫni nasapraḫni tasapraḫni ḫasapraḫni sapraḫanni — 2.sg sapraḫma nasapraḫma tasapraḫma ḫasapraḫma sapraḫamma sapraḫū 3.sg sapraḫta nasapraḫta tasapraḫta ḫasapraḫta sapraḫatta sapraḫā 1.pl sapraḫti nasapraḫti tasapraḫti ḫasapraḫti sapraḫatti — 2.pl sapraḫman nasapraḫman tasapraḫman ḫasapraḫman sapraḫamman sapraḫūna 3.pl sapraḫtan nasapraḫtan tasapraḫtan ḫasapraḫtan sapraḫattan sapraḫāna

Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class) Y-N-D (catch) Infinitive sūnudas Participle sūnud- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg sīnanni nasīnanni tasīnanni ḫasīnanni sīnadanni — 2.sg sīnadma nasīnadma tasīnadma ḫasīnadma sīnadamma sīnadū 3.sg sīnatta nasīnatta tasīnatta ḫasīnatta sīnadatta sīnadā 1.pl sīnatti nasīnatti tasīnatti ḫasīnatti sīnadatti — 2.pl sīnadman nasīnadman tasīnadman ḫasīnadman sīnadamman sīnadūna 3.pl sīnattan nasīnattan tasīnattan ḫasīnattan sīnadattan sīnadāna

Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class) Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill) Infinitive suṣubbas Participle suṣubb- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg saṣābni naṣṣābni taṣṣābni ḫaṣṣābni saṣābanni — 2.sg saṣāmma naṣṣāmma taṣṣāmma ḫaṣṣāmma saṣābamma saṣābū 3.sg saṣābta naṣṣābta taṣṣābta ḫaṣṣābta saṣābatta saṣābā 1.pl saṣābti naṣṣābti taṣṣābti ḫaṣṣābti saṣābatti — 2.pl saṣāmman naṣṣāmman taṣṣāmman ḫaṣṣāmman saṣābamman saṣābūna 3.pl saṣābtan naṣṣābtan taṣṣābtan ḫaṣṣābtan saṣābattan saṣābāna

Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class) R-S-Y (be good, be moral) Infinitive sursâs Participle sursu- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg sarsīni nasarsīni tasarsīni ḫasarsīni sarsanni — 2.sg sarsīma nasarsīma tasarsīma ḫasarsīma sarsamma sarsû 3.sg sarsīsa nasarsīsa tasarsīsa ḫasarsīsa sarsatta sarsâ 1.pl sarsīti nasarsīti tasarsīti ḫasarsīti sarsatti — 2.pl sarsīman nasarsīman tasarsīman ḫasarsīman sarsamman sarsûna 3.pl sarsīsan nasarsīsan tasarsīsan ḫasarsīsan sarsattan sarsâna

Other

Conjugation (strong, a-class) P-R-Ḫ (speak, say) Infinitive mupruḫas Participle mupruḫ- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg mapraḫni namapraḫni tamapraḫni ḫamapraḫni mapraḫanni — 2.sg mapraḫma namapraḫma tamapraḫma ḫamapraḫma mapraḫamma mapraḫū 3.sg mapraḫta namapraḫta tamapraḫta ḫamapraḫta mapraḫatta mapraḫā 1.pl mapraḫti namapraḫti tamapraḫti ḫamapraḫti mapraḫatti — 2.pl mapraḫman namapraḫman tamapraḫman ḫamapraḫman mapraḫamman mapraḫūna 3.pl mapraḫtan namapraḫtan tamapraḫtan ḫamapraḫtan mapraḫattan mapraḫāna

Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class) Y-N-D (catch) Infinitive mūnudas Participle mūnud- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg mīnanni namīnanni tamīnanni ḫamīnanni mīnadanni — 2.sg mīnadma namīnadma tamīnadma ḫamīnadma mīnadamma mīnadū 3.sg mīnatta namīnatta tamīnatta ḫamīnatta mīnadatta mīnadā 1.pl mīnatti namīnatti tamīnatti ḫamīnatti mīnadatti — 2.pl mīnadman namīnadman tamīnadman ḫamīnadman mīnadamman mīnadūna 3.pl mīnattan namīnattan tamīnattan ḫamīnattan mīnadattan mīnadāna

Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class) Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill) Infinitive muṣubbas Participle muṣubb- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg maṣābni namṣābni tamṣābni ḫamṣābni maṣābanni — 2.sg maṣāmma namṣāmma tamṣāmma ḫamṣāmma maṣābamma maṣābū 3.sg maṣābta namṣābta tamṣābta ḫamṣābta maṣābatta maṣābā 1.pl maṣābti namṣābti tamṣābti ḫamṣābti maṣābatti — 2.pl maṣāmman namṣāmman tamṣāmman ḫamṣāmman maṣābamman maṣābūna 3.pl maṣābtan namṣābtan tamṣābtan ḫamṣābtan maṣābattan maṣābāna

Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class) R-S-Y (be good, be moral) Infinitive mursâs Participle mursu- Active Actual Potential Commissive Counterfactual Long Jussive Short Jussive 1.sg marsīni namarsīni tamarsīni ḫamarsīni marsanni — 2.sg marsīma namarsīma tamarsīma ḫamarsīma marsamma marsû 3.sg marsīsa namarsīsa tamarsīsa ḫamarsīsa marsatta marsâ 1.pl marsīti namarsīti tamarsīti ḫamarsīti marsatti — 2.pl marsīman namarsīman tamarsīman ḫamarsīman marsamman marsûna 3.pl marsīsan namarsīsan tamarsīsan ḫamarsīsan marsattan marsâna

Stem shapes based on stress

Verbs

Base Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative Strong PaRv́Ḫ- -PRv́Ḫ- PaRḪ-á- Initial Weak I-w WaRv́Ḫ- -ūRv́Ḫ- WaRḪ-á- I-y YaRv́Ḫ- -īRv́Ḫ- YaRḪ-á- I-a ˀaRv́Ḫ- -āRv́Ḫ- ˀaRḪ-á- I-e ˀeRv́Ḫ- -ēRv́Ḫ- ˀeRḪ-é- Middle Weak II-w Pū́Ḫ- -Pū́Ḫ- PūḪ-á- II-y Pī́Ḫ- -Pī́Ḫ- PīḪ-á- II-a Pā́Ḫ- -Pā́Ḫ- PāḪ-á- II-e PḗḪ- -PḗḪ- PēḪ-é- Final Weak III-w PaRū́- -PRū́- PāR-á- III-y PaRī́- -PRī́- PāR-á- III-a PaRā́- -PRā́- PāR-á- III-e PeRḗ- -PRḗ- PēR-é-

Gemination Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative Strong PaRRv́Ḫ- -PaRRv́Ḫ- PaRRvḪ-á- Initial Weak I-w WaRRv́Ḫ- -uRRv́Ḫ- WaRRvḪ-á- I-y YaRRv́Ḫ- -iRRv́Ḫ- YaRRvḪ-á- I-a ˀaRRv́Ḫ- -aRRv́Ḫ- ˀaRRvḪ-á- I-e ˀeRRv́Ḫ- -eRRv́Ḫ- ˀeRRvḪ-é- Middle Weak II-w PấḪ- -PấḪ- PuḪḪ-á- II-y PấḪ- -PấḪ- PiḪḪ-á- II-a PấḪ- -PấḪ- PaḪḪ-á- II-e PếḪ- -PếḪ- PeḪḪ-é- Final Weak III-w PaRRū́- -PaRRū́- PaRR-á- III-y PaRRī́- -PaRRī́- PaRR-á- III-a PaRRā́- -PaRRā́- PaRR-á- III-e PeRRḗ- -PeRRḗ- PeRR-é-

sa- Prefix Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative Strong saPRáḪ- -saPRáḪ- saPRaḪ-á- Initial Weak I-w sūRáḪ- -sūRáḪ- sūRaḪ-á- I-y sīRáḪ- -sīRáḪ- sīRaḪ-á- I-a sāRáḪ- -sāRáḪ- sāRaḪ-á- I-e sēRéḪ- -sēRéḪ- sēReḪ-é- Middle Weak II-w saPū́Ḫ- -sPū́Ḫ- saPūḪ-á- II-y saPī́Ḫ- -sPī́Ḫ- saPīḪ-á- II-a saPā́Ḫ- -sPā́Ḫ- saPāḪ-á- II-e sePḗḪ- -sPḗḪ- sePēḪ-é- Final Weak III-w saPRū́- -saPRū́- saPR-á- III-y saPRī́- -saPRī́- saPR-á- III-a saPaRā́- -saPRā́- saPR-á- III-e sePRḗ- -sePRḗ- sePR-é-

sa- Prefix + Gemination Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative Strong saPaRRáḪ- -sPaRRáḪ- saPaRRaḪ-á- Initial Weak I-w suRRáḪ- -suRRáḪ- suRRaḪ-á- I-y siRRáḪ- -siRRáḪ- siRRaḪ-á- I-a saRRáḪ- -saRRáḪ- saRRaḪ-á- I-e seRRéḪ- -seRRéḪ- seRReḪ-é- Middle Weak II-w saPấḪ- -sPấḪ- saPuḪḪ-á- II-y saPấḪ- -sPấḪ- saPiḪḪ-á- II-a saPấḪ- -sPấḪ- saPaḪḪ-á- II-e sePếḪ- -sPếḪ- sePeḪḪ-é- Final Weak III-w saPaRRū́- -sPaRRū́- saPaRR-á- III-y saPaRRī́- -sPaRRī́- saPaRR-á- III-a saPaRRā́- -sPaRRā́- saPaRR-á- III-e sePeRRḗ- -sPeRRḗ- sePeRR-é-

ma- Prefix Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative Strong maPRáḪ- -maPRáḪ- maPRaḪ-á- Initial Weak I-w mūRáḪ- -mūRáḪ- mūRaḪ-á- I-y mīRáḪ- -mīRáḪ- mīRaḪ-á- I-a māRáḪ- -māRáḪ- māRaḪ-á- I-e mēRéḪ- -mēRéḪ- mēReḪ-é- Middle Weak II-w maPū́Ḫ- -mPū́Ḫ- maPūḪ-á- II-y maPī́Ḫ- -mPī́Ḫ- maPīḪ-á- II-a maPā́Ḫ- -mPā́Ḫ- maPāḪ-á- II-e mePḗḪ- -mPḗḪ- mePēḪ-é- Final Weak III-w maPRū́- -maPRū́- maPR-á- III-y maPRī́- -maPRī́- maPR-á- III-a maPaRā́- -maPRā́- maPR-á- III-e mePRḗ- -mePRḗ- mePR-é-

sa- Prefix + Gemination Weakness Realis Irrealis Imperative Strong maPaRRáḪ- -mPaRRáḪ- maPaRRaḪ-á- Initial Weak I-w muRRáḪ- -muRRáḪ- muRRaḪ-á- I-y miRRáḪ- -miRRáḪ- miRRaḪ-á- I-a maRRáḪ- -maRRáḪ- maRRaḪ-á- I-e meRRéḪ- -meRRéḪ- meRReḪ-é- Middle Weak II-w maPấḪ- -mPấḪ- maPuḪḪ-á- II-y maPấḪ- -mPấḪ- maPiḪḪ-á- II-a maPấḪ- -mPấḪ- maPaḪḪ-á- II-e mePếḪ- -mPếḪ- mePeḪḪ-é- Final Weak III-w maPaRRū́- -mPaRRū́- maPaRR-á- III-y maPaRRī́- -mPaRRī́- maPaRR-á- III-a maPaRRā́- -mPaRRā́- maPaRR-á- III-e mePeRRḗ- -mPeRRḗ- mePeRR-é-

Deverbatives

Base

Weakness	Abs. (Sg.)	Abs. (Pl.)	Cons. (Sg.)	Cons. (Pl.)	Poss. (Sg.)	Poss. (Pl.)
Strong	PáRḪ-as	PaRḪ-ā́ya	PáRaḪ	PáRḪ-ā	PáRḪ-a-	PaRḪ-ā́-
Initial Weak	PáRḪ-as	PaRḪ-ā́ya	PáRaḪ	PáRḪ-ā	PáRḪ-a-	PaRḪ-ā́-
Middle Weak	Pā́Ḫ-as	Pā́Ḫ-ā́ya	Pā́Ḫ	Pā́Ḫ-ā	Pā́Ḫ-a-	PāḪ-ā́-
Final Weak	Pā́R-as	PāR-ā́ya	Pā́R	Pā́R-ā	Pā́R-a-	PāR-ā́-

Lengthened

Weakness	Abs. (Sg.)	Abs. (Pl.)	Cons. (Sg.)	Cons. (Pl.)	Poss. (Sg.)	Poss. (Pl.)
Strong	PaRā́Ḫ-as	PaRāḪ-ā́ya	PáRāḪ	PáRā́Ḫ-ā	PaRā́Ḫ-a-	PaRāḪ-ā́-
Initial Weak	PaRā́Ḫ-as	PaRāḪ-ā́ya	PáRāḪ	PáRā́Ḫ-ā	PaRā́Ḫ-a-	PaRāḪ-ā́-
Middle Weak	PấḪ-as	PâḪ-ā́ya	PấḪ	PấḪ-ā	PấḪ-a-	PâḪ-ā́-
Final Weak	PaR-ấs	PaR-ấya	PáRā	PáR-â	PaR-ấ-

Gemination

Weakness	Abs. (Sg.)	Abs. (Pl.)	Cons. (Sg.)	Cons. (Pl.)	Poss. (Sg.)	Poss. (Pl.)
Strong	PáRRaḪ-as	PaRRaḪ-ā́ya	PáRRaḪ	PáRRaḪ-ā	PaRRáḪ-	PaRRaḪ-ā́-
Initial Weak	PáRRaḪ-as	PaRRaḪ-ā́ya	PáRRaḪ	PáRRaḪ-ā	PaRRáḪ-	PaRRaḪ-ā́-
Middle Weak	PáḪḪ-as	PaḪḪ-ā́ya	Pā́Ḫ	Pā́Ḫ-ā	PáḪḪ-a	PaḪḪ-ā́-
Final Weak	PaRR-ấs	PaRR-ấya	PáRRa	PáRR-â	PaRR-ấ-

Voice

Case-Role Marking in Secundative Alignment (D=S, R=P, T=separate)

Voice	Role/Marking
	Nominative	Accusative	Instrumental
Active (Intransitive)	Subject	N/A	N/A
Active (Monotransitive)	Subject	Object	N/A
Active (Ditransitive)	Subject	Primary Object	Secondary Object
Causative/Instrumental	Causer	Causee/Instrument	Object

Morpheme Chain

Clausal Proclitics	Relativizer	Tense/Mood	Stem		Imperative	Subject	Negation	Subject Plural (2nd and 3rd)
			Voice	Root
various	iC-	na-, ta-, ḫa-	s(i)-, m(i)-	R₁(a)R₂aR₃ R₁(a)R₂uR₃ R₁(a)R₂iR₃	-aC- / -ā-	various	-si	-n

Ablaut Classes

			Realis	Irrealis
Class 1	Transitive		a	a
	Intransitive	Dynamic	u	a
		Stative	i	a
Class 2	Transitive		a	u
	Intransitive	Dynamic	u	u
		Stative	i	i
Class 3	Transitive		a	a
	Intransitive	Dynamic	u	a
		Stative	i	i

Ch'adic

Proto-Č̣aḥdaš consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Pharyngeal	Glottal
			central	lateral
Nasal		m	n			ŋ ⟨n̮⟩
Stop	fortis	p	t	t͡ɬ ⟨ć⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨č⟩	k	ʡ	ʔ
	emphatic	pʼ ⟨ṗ⟩	tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩	t͡ɬʼ ⟨ć̣⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨č̣⟩	kʼ ⟨ḳ⟩
	lenis	b	d	d͡ɮ ⟨ʒ́⟩	d͡ʒ ⟨ǯ⟩	g
Fricative		f	s	ɬ ⟨ś⟩	ʃ ⟨š⟩	x ⟨ḫ⟩	ħ ⟨ḥ⟩	h
Approximant		w			j ⟨y⟩
Liquid			r	l

Proto-Čattaš nouns

	Status Absolutus		Status Constructus
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Feminine	-u	-un/-ū	-u	-ū
Masculine	-i	-in/-ī	-i	-ī
Neuter	-ar	-an/-ā	-a	-ā
Inanimate	-aš