User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Active participle

The active participle displays a present and a past form, both simple. It is marked by the infinitival ending. It is formed by placing the active participial ending, while the past form is also formed through the augment, qa-:

	conj. I	conj. II	conj. III	conj. IV	conj. V
present	čö̃kjytə	civojytə	bɛðöjytə	žemõjytə	tumajytə
past	qačö̃kjytə	qacivojytə	qaβɛðöjytə	qažemõjytə	qatumajytə

There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs in each conjugation for the active participle. Irregularities are essentially caused by the alteration of the final root consonant (often by dropping the semivowel -j- and palatalizing the preceding consonant) and by the augment in the past form. Such irregularities are clearly shown in the dictionary. Among these verbs the conjugation of some verbs, with non-specifical irregularities, is shown:

	ňamjycika	döqeh́ika	šỹkika	dävörika	očezika
past	qaňamjyʎytə	qaðöqežytə	qažỹkjytə	qaðävörjytə	qečesjytə

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, to build relative clauses, although quite rarely.

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, but it is used in its undeclined form within the verbal conjugation with the auxiliary verb ševöka.

Passive participle

	indicative	subjunctive	conditional
imp. pres.	śośiruki	śośiriɳuki	śośiroçuki
imp. past	qaśośiruki	qaśośiriɳuki	qaśośiroçuki
imp. pres.	śiśoruki	śiśoriɳuki	śiśoroçuki
imp. past	qaśiśoruki	qaśiśoriɳuki	qaśiśoroçuki

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

It is often used as an adjective and to build relative clauses:

xäl qownaʂu qaloljyçukili hjyroli
the man seen by the woman

It is also largely used in the verbal conjugation, in the construction of the passive diathesis forms.

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.