User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII
- Main article: Höśikə
This page gives an extensive description of Höśikə morphological features.
Nouns
Nouns in Höśikə language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant, although there is a marked tendency for the vocalic ending. Nouns ending in a consonant usually add a euphonic vowel before the normal declension endings.
Nouns display neither gender nor class distinction. Nouns are divided and categorized in six declension groups, each distinguished by the plural formation and the last phoneme of the word.
There are, moreover, two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, singular and plural, and a limited case system. Nouns also display two forms, the indefinite form and the definite form, the latter being built by adding the postposed definite article.
Cases
Höśikə nouns do decline, according to a nominative-accusative system with 2 cases:
| Direct | This case marks both the subject and the direct object of a verb. It can be also used with some prepositions. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form. |
| Oblique | It has no specifical meaning and it is generally used only with prepositions. It can be occasionally used without prepositions, with some verbs, and it may mark the indirect object in some kinds of pronouns. |
Articles
There is only one article, the definite article, ež, which is placed before the noun, agreeing with it in case and number.
| ež / ežd | ežno | |
| ežəre | ežnore |
In the singular direct case two forms of the article are listed. The choice between the two forms depends on the first phoneme of the following word:
- ež is placed before a word beginning with a consonant.
- ežd is placed before a word beginning with a vowel.
Examples:
ež pɔge čəjnnos the person is singing
ežd ɔne čəjnnos the woman is singing
The definite article, both in its singular and plural forms and in any case, can merge with some prepositions to form the so-called articled prepositions. Such forms will be analyzed in a following section.
Noun declension
Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
| - | -no | |
| -re | -nure |
Some examples are shown below: bevvo, father, and hɔgo, house.
| bevvo | bevvono | hɔgo | hɔgono | |
| bevvore | bevvonore | hɔgore | hɔgonore | |
Nouns ending in a consonant in their base form, except for nouns ending in the semiconsonant -j, usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. This vowel is generally -i-, but other vowels are also possible.
dir. heǵ → obl. heǵire, ...
Some irregular nouns, however, change their last vowel in the root before adding other endings. The commonest change is o → u. A lot of these nouns display both irregular and regular forms, especially in earlier texts. In modern texts the amount of irregular forms is extremely limited, with a strong tendency towards regularization by analogy.
dir. heňo → obl. heňure, ...
A small amount of nouns, conversely, display unpredictable irregularities, both vocalic and consonantal, in the noun root.
dir. beĺ → obl. bejre, ...
