User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII
Pronouns
Pronouns in Βaβar language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant in their basic form, and they usually display a monosyllabic base form.
The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one, both in case endings and in the number of distinguished cases. Moreover, pronouns alone make a distinction between animate and inanimate referents. However, like nouns, they morphologically convey two grammatical numbers, singular and plural, but displaying entirely different roots in both numbers.
Declension of pronouns
Pronouns are declined by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
class |
class | |
| - | - | |
| -m / əm1 or - |
-m or - | |
| -iç | -ç | |
| -at | -t | |
| -at | -t |
1 This ending display two possible forms. The latter is used after a nasal consonant, the former is used in every other case.
The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one. The endings are completely different and display a different allocation. The endings of the instrumental and the locative case are always the same. The accusative case, moreover, displays a syllabic nasal ending ending only when referring to semantically animate entities. If the pronouns refer to inanimate entities, the accusative ending is the same as the nominative case, namely a zero ending.
Personal pronouns
I pronomi personali sono caratterizzati dalla distinzione tra radici diverse per le forme singolari e le forme plurali. Sono intesi, inoltre, come referenti di entità animate, in tutte le persone.
| si | ma | ɣu | žī | kā | çi | |
| sim | mam | ɣum | žīm | kām | çim | |
| siç | maç | ɣuç | žīç | kāç | çiç | |
| sit | mat | ɣut | žīt | kāt | çit | |
Dato l’intrinseco riferimento ad entità animate, non è possibile utilizzare le forme di terza persona per riferirsi ad entità inanimate. Non esistono pronomi personali atti a questo scopo, per cui vengono utilizzati i pronomi dimostrativi.
Al caso accusativo le forme dei pronomi sono considerate marcate, ed utilizzate solamente quando si vuole porre in evidenza la forma del pronome all’accusativo. Come forma non marcata vengono solitamente utilizzate forme pronominali accusative di tipo enclitico.
These forms are added as enclitic suffixes to a word in the sentence, chiefly to the subject pronouns, when present. If the subject pronouns are absent, these suffixes are added to the verb (thus moving the direct object after the verb and causing the word order to shift to VSO).
Examples:
si mam riʈʂʼiš As for me, I love you (and no one else)
six riʈʂʼiš As for me, I love you
riʈʂʼišəx I love you
With compound verbal forms, these suffixes are added to the auxiliary verb or to the modal verb. However, they may be also be added to the participles.
Examples:
ɸaqurā sūšəx I see you
ɸāqurā ðuzəx I want to you
