User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the agentive case and the forms in the passive case. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case is created on both roots.

	1st sing.	2nd sing.	3rd sing.	1st dual.	2nd dual.	3rd dual.	1st plur.	2nd plur.	3rd plur.
agentive	ūdju	irdju	jɛšlu	ūdjuhiw	irdjuhiw	jɛšluhiw	ūdjunu	irdjunu	jɛšlunu
passive	çu	njɛ	jɛš	çuhiw	njɛhiw	jɛšhiw	çunu	njɛnu	jɛšnu
ablative	ūdjušu	irdjušu	jɛšlušu	ūdjuhiwšu	irdjuhiwšu	jɛšluhiwšu	ūdjunušu	irdjunušu	jɛšlunušu
	çušu	njɛšu	jɛšu	çuhiwšu	njɛhiwšu	jɛšhiwšu	çunušu	njɛnušu	jɛšnušu
genitive	ūdjurɛ	irdjurɛ	jɛšlurɛ	ūdjuhiwrɛ	irdjuhiwrɛ	jɛšluhiwrɛ	ūdjunurɛ	irdjunurɛ	jɛšlunurɛ
	çurɛ	njɛrɛ	jɛšrɛ	çuhiwrɛ	njɛhiwrɛ	jɛšhiwrɛ	çunurɛ	njɛnurɛ	jɛšnurɛ
dative	ūdjuxjɛ	irdjuxjɛ	jɛšluxjɛ	ūdjuhiwxjɛ	irdjuhiwxjɛ	jɛšluhiwxjɛ	ūdjunuxjɛ	irdjunuxjɛ	jɛšlunuxjɛ
	çuxjɛ	njɛxjɛ	jɛšxjɛ	çuhiwxjɛ	njɛhiwxjɛ	jɛšhiwxjɛ	çunuxjɛ	njɛnuxjɛ	jɛšnuxjɛ
causative	ūdjuku	irdjuku	jɛšluku	ūdjuhiwku	irdjuhiwku	jɛšluhiwku	ūdjunuku	irdjunuku	jɛšlunuku
	çuku	njɛku	jɛšku	çuhiwku	njɛhiwku	jɛšhiwku	çunuku	njɛnuku	jɛšnuku

No personal pronouns display any form for the obsolete instrumental case. First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to class I or class II.

Personal pronouns have two forms in all cases, except for the agentive case and the passive case. These forms are distinguished between long forms (ūdjušu, irdjušu,...) and short forms (çušu, njɛšu,...), which have a different use:

• In the genitive case:
  • Long form: it is used as an indeclinable possessive adjective

ertuɕunu sōnu alolīčohon
we saw your house

• • Short form: it is used as the proper genitive form of the pronoun, conveying origin (esempio: from me) and with postpositions. It is also used as a direct object form for verbal infinitives and in negative sentences in the classical period.

nɛɕu hōθīnem ēsow
I wasn’t looking for you

nɛɕu ēh šinohiga imēhohon
I will come with you

• In the dative case:
  • Long form: it is mostly used with postpositions or as a marked form of motion towards a place.

ɛštuhenu nū cɛnəhunohon
I am talking about them

• • Short form: it is used to strictly mark the indirect object.

šɛhe hēme agohegow
I gave him bread

1^st and 2^nd person pronouns show, already in the classical period, a clear trend towards a nominative-accusative alignment. They tend to be declined in the agentive case with verbs which would require the passive case as unintentional subjects. This trend becomes regularity in the later period.

ju hīɕagow → oltu hīɕagow
I am falling