User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verb: xuvew, to hit.

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- (which changes into -o- in the 2^{nd and}3^rd singular persons) and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	xuvun
2^nd sing.	xuvo
3^rd sing.	xuvo
1^st plur.	xuvum‘i
2^nd plur.	xuvuv‘i
3^rd plur.	xuvuv‘i

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -u-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	ňerow	x‘ow
1^st sing.	ňerun	xown
2^nd sing.	ňero	xow
3^rd sing.	ňero	xow
1^st plur.	ňerum‘i	xowm‘i
2^nd plur.	ňeruv‘i	xowv‘i
3^rd plur.	ňeruv‘i	xowv‘i

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -y- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	xuvyn
2^nd sing.	xuvy
3^rd sing.	xuvy
1^st plur.	xuvym‘i
2^nd plur.	xuvyv‘i
3^rd plur.	xuvyv‘i

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -y-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	ňerow	x‘ow
1^st sing.	ňerywn	xɔn
2^nd sing.	ňeryw	xɔ
3^rd sing.	ňeryw	xɔ
1^st plur.	ňerywm‘i	xɔm‘i
2^nd plur.	ňerywv‘i	xɔv‘i
3^rd plur.	ňerywv‘i	xɔv‘i

Perfect tense

The perfect is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	xuvan
2^nd sing.	xuva
3^rd sing.	xuva
1^st plur.	xuvam‘i
2^nd plur.	xuvav‘i
3^rd plur.	xuvav‘i

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the perfect tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -a-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the perfect tense of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	ňerow	x‘ow
1^st sing.	ňerown	xawn
2^nd sing.	ňerow	xaw
3^rd sing.	ňerow	xaw
1^st plur.	ňerowm‘i	xawm‘i
2^nd plur.	ňerowv‘i	xawv‘i
3^rd plur.	ňerowv‘i	xawv‘i

Present continuous tense

The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1^st sing.	imun xuvoð‘i
2^nd sing.	imo xuvoð‘i
3^rd sing.	imo xuvoð‘i
1^st plur.	imum‘i xuvoð‘i
2^nd plur.	imuv‘i xuvoð‘i
3^rd plur.	imuv‘i xuvoð‘i

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Past continuous tense

The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1^st sing.	imyn xuvoð‘i
2^nd sing.	imy xuvoð‘i
3^rd sing.	imy xuvoð‘i
1^st plur.	imym‘i xuvoð‘i
2^nd plur.	imyv‘i xuvoð‘i
3^rd plur.	imyv‘i xuvoð‘i

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative perfect forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1^st sing.	iman xuvyð‘i
2^nd sing.	ima xuvyð‘i
3^rd sing.	ima xuvyð‘i
1^st plur.	imam‘i xuvyð‘i
2^nd plur.	imav‘i xuvyð‘i
3^rd plur.	imav‘i xuvyð‘i

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	town xuvew
2^nd sing.	tow xuvew
3^rd sing.	tow xuvew
1^st plur.	towm‘i xuvew
2^nd plur.	towv‘i xuvew
3^rd plur.	towv‘i xuvew

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	t‘yn xuvew
2^nd sing.	t‘y xuvew
3^rd sing.	t‘y xuvew
1^st plur.	t‘ym‘i xuvew
2^nd plur.	t‘yv‘i xuvew
3^rd plur.	t‘yv‘i xuvew

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

Future perfect tense

The future perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative perfect forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	tæn xuvew
2^nd sing.	tæ xuvew
3^rd sing.	tæ xuvew
1^st plur.	tæm‘i xuvew
2^nd plur.	tæv‘i xuvew
3^rd plur.	tæv‘i xuvew

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

Future continuous tense

The future continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative future forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1^st sing.	town imew xuvoð‘i
2^nd sing.	tow imew xuvoð‘i
3^rd sing.	tow imew xuvoð‘i
1^st plur.	towm‘i imew xuvoð‘i
2^nd plur.	towv‘i imew xuvoð‘i
3^rd plur.	towv‘i imew xuvoð‘i

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative future forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1^st sing.	town imew xuvyð‘i
2^nd sing.	tow imew xuvyð‘i
3^rd sing.	tow imew xuvyð‘i
1^st plur.	towm‘i imew xuvyð‘i
2^nd plur.	towv‘i imew xuvyð‘i
3^rd plur.	towv‘i imew xuvyð‘i

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.

It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1^st singular person.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	-
2^nd sing.	xuvuto
3^rd sing.	xuvuto
1^st plur.	xuvum‘ito
2^nd plur.	xuvuv‘ito
3^rd plur.	xuvuv‘ito

The 2^nd and 3^rd persons display the same endings. The 3^rd persons pronouns are thus used to convey the subject, to avoid ambiguities. Conversely, 2^nd persons pronouns are usually left out:

(k’etex) xownuto!
(you) sing!

okex xownuto!
let him/her sing!

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

The infinitive is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -ew.

It displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through different endings:

present	past	perfect
xuvew	xuvow	xuvæw

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	present	past	perfect
ňerow	ňerow	ňeryw	ňeraw
x‘ow	x‘ow	x‘ɔ	x‘aw

Active participle

The active participle displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ð‘i:

present	past	perfect
xuvoð‘i	xuvyð‘i	xuvað‘i

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.

Each tense form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the active participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the active participle of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	present	past	perfect
ňerow	ňerowð‘i	ňerywð‘i	ňerawð‘i
x‘ow	x‘owð‘i	x‘ɔð‘i	x‘awð‘i

Passive participle

The passive participle displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ňə:

present	past	perfect
xuvoňə	xuvyňə	xuvaňə

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the passive participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the passive participle of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	present	past	perfect
ňerow	ňerowňə	ňerywňə	ňerawňə
x‘ow	x‘owňə	x‘ɔňə	x‘awňə

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, to be with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense, which are replaced by their non-continuous counterparts.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	indicative present forms of imew + present passive participle
past	indicative past forms of imew + present passive participle
perfect	indicative perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
pluperfect	indicative perfect forms of imew + past passive participle
future	indicative future forms of imew + present passive participle
anterior future	indicative anterior future forms of imew + present passive participle
future perfect	indicative future perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
future in the past	indicative future forms of imew + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Construction
present	imun xuvoňə, ...
past	imyn xuvoňə, ...
perfect	iman xuvoňə, ...
pluperfect	iman xuvyňə, ...
future	town imew xuvoňə, ...
anterior future	t‘yn imew xuvoňə, ...
future perfect	tæn imew xuvoňə, ...
future in the past	town imew xuvyňə, ...

Imperative mood

Tense	Construction
present	present passive participle + imperative present forms of imɔr

Examples (for each tense only the 2^nd person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	moronih imodɔ, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
present	present passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
past	past passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
future	future passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr

Examples:

Tense	Construction
present	moronih imɔr
past	morunih imɔr
future	morɔbonih imɔr

User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Contents

Conjugation of regular verbs

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

Past tense

Perfect tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Pluperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future perfect tense

Future continuous tense

Future in the past tense

Imperative mood

Present tense

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

Active participle

Passive participle

Passive diathesis

Indicative mood

Imperative mood

Infinitive mood

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