User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs: as a class I verb, moɕädühä, to pick up, to collect, as a class II verb, xixehühä, to fall, as a class IIg verb, pürücühä, to hit

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	moɕädü	xixehü	pürücü
2nd sing.	moɕädir	xixehir	pürücir
3rd sing.	moɕäd́äh	xixeg	pürüc
1st plur.	moɕädunü	xixehunü	pürücunü
2nd plur.	moɕädunir	xixehunir	pürücunir
3rd plur.	moɕäduńäh	xixehun	pürücun

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -́äh or null ending, irregularities may often occur.

The ending -́äh always causes palatalization of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.

rīrusühä → rīruśäh
to see → he/she/it sees

If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.

The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:

ṕőrühä → ṕőw
to fly→ he/she/it flies

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	mäɕodü	xexihü	pürücigü
2nd sing.	mäɕodir	xexihir	pürücigir
3rd sing.	mäɕod́äh	xexig	pürücig
1st plur.	mäɕodunü	xexihunü	pürücigunü
2nd plur.	mäɕodunir	xexihunir	pürücigunir
3rd plur.	mäɕoduńäh	xexihun	pürücigun

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -́äh or null ending, irregularities may often occur.

The ending -́äh always causes palatalization of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.

rīrusühä → rurīśäh
to see → he/she/it saw

If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.

The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:

ṕőrühä → ṕöw
to fly→ he/she/it flew

In the class IIg irregularities never occur in the past tense.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänü moɕädīdə	cänü xixehīdə	cänü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	cänir moɕädīdə	cänir xixehīdə	cänir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	cän moɕädīdə	cän xixehīdə	cän pürücīdə
1st plur.	cänunü moɕädīdənə	cänunü xixehīdənə	cänunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	cänunir moɕädīdənə	cänunir xixehīdənə	cänunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	cänun moɕädīdənə	cänun xixehīdənə	cänun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänü moɕädīdə	häcänü xixehīdə	häcänü pürücīdə
2nd sing.	häcänir moɕädīdə	häcänir xixehīdə	häcänir pürücīdə
3rd sing.	häcän moɕädīdə	häcän xixehīdə	häcän pürücīdə
1st plur.	häcänunü moɕädīdənə	häcänunü xixehīdənə	häcänunü pürücīdənə
2nd plur.	häcänunir moɕädīdənə	häcänunir xixehīdənə	häcänunir pürücīdənə
3rd plur.	häcänun moɕädīdənə	häcänun xixehīdənə	häcänun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	cänü mäɕodīdə	cänü xexihīdə	cänü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	cänir mäɕodīdə	cänir xexihīdə	cänir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	cän mäɕodīdə	cän xexihīdə	cän pürücigīdə
1st plur.	cänunü mäɕodīdənə	cänunü xexihīdənə	cänunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	cänunir mäɕodīdənə	cänunir xexihīdənə	cänunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	cänun mäɕodīdənə	cänun xexihīdənə	cänun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1st sing.	häcänü mäɕodīdə	häcänü xexihīdə	häcänü pürücigīdə
2nd sing.	häcänir mäɕodīdə	häcänir xexihīdə	häcänir pürücigīdə
3rd sing.	häcän mäɕodīdə	häcän xexihīdə	häcän pürücigīdə
1st plur.	häcänunü mäɕodīdənə	häcänunü xexihīdənə	häcänunü pürücigīdənə
2nd plur.	häcänunir mäɕodīdənə	häcänunir xexihīdənə	häcänunir pürücigīdənə
3rd plur.	häcänun mäɕodīdənə	häcänun xexihīdənə	häcänun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

1st sing.	mɔcedəjgehɔ
2nd sing.	mɔcedəjgehih
3rd sing.	mɔcedəjgeh
1st plur.	mɔcedəjgehunɔ
2nd plur.	mɔcedəjgehunih
3rd plur.	mɔcedəjgehun

Perfective future tense

The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:

1st sing.	emɔcedəjgehɔ
2nd sing.	emɔcedəjgehih
3rd sing.	emɔcedəjgeh
1st plur.	emɔcedəjgehunɔ
2nd plur.	emɔcedəjgehunih
3rd plur.	emɔcedəjgehun

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.

1st sing.	mɔcedəjdo
2nd sing.	mɔcedəjdo
3rd sing.	mɔcedəjdo
1st plur.	mɔcedəjduno
2nd plur.	mɔcedəjduno
3rd plur.	mɔcedəjduno

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.

1st sing.	emɔcedəjdo
2nd sing.	emɔcedəjdo
3rd sing.	emɔcedəjdo
1st plur.	emɔcedəjduno
2nd plur.	emɔcedəjduno
3rd plur.	emɔcedəjduno

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to convey wish, desire, and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The conditional widely features the infix -už- (altered in -uš, when ending a word), which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.

Imperfective present tense

The imperfective present is a simple tense. The infix -už-/-uš- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

1st sing.	mɔcedužɔ
2nd sing.	mɔcedužih
3rd sing.	mɔceduš
1st plur.	mɔcedužunɔ
2nd plur.	mɔcedužunih
3rd plur.	mɔcedužun

The conditional infix -už- is changed into -uš only in final word position in the 3^rd singular person.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

1st sing.	mɔcedužəjgehɔ
2nd sing.	mɔcedužəjgehih
3rd sing.	mɔcedužəjgeh
1st plur.	mɔcedužəjgehunɔ
2nd plur.	mɔcedužəjgehunih
3rd plur.	mɔcedužəjgehun

Perfective future tense

The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:

1st sing.	emɔcedužəjgehɔ
2nd sing.	emɔcedužəjgehih
3rd sing.	emɔcedužəjgeh
1st plur.	emɔcedužəjgehunɔ
2nd plur.	emɔcedužəjgehunih
3rd plur.	emɔcedužəjgehun

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.

1st sing.	mɔcedužəjdo
2nd sing.	mɔcedužəjdo
3rd sing.	mɔcedužəjdo
1st plur.	mɔcedužəjduno
2nd plur.	mɔcedužəjduno
3rd plur.	mɔcedužəjduno

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.

1st sing.	emɔcedužəjdo
2nd sing.	emɔcedužəjdo
3rd sing.	emɔcedužəjdo
1st plur.	emɔcedužəjduno
2nd plur.	emɔcedužəjduno
3rd plur.	emɔcedužəjduno

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It is marked by the ending -əjge.

	infinitive
imperfective	mɔcedəjge
perfective	emɔcedəjge

There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitve forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.

petɔjge
volare

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case. It is not adjoined by the article when it has a verbal function, while the article can be used when the function of the infinitive is strictly nominal.

Participle

The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It isn has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (with some of which it may take an impersonal value). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.

It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It may also take the modal infix -už-, diplaying thus a conditional form. It is marked by the ending -uǵ (whose plural form is -ugi). This ending very often causes irregularities, such as the lenghtening of the last root consonant or its alteration (the conditional infix undergoes no alteration).

	indicative	conditional
imperfective	mɔcedduǵ	mɔcedužuǵ
perfective	emɔcedduǵ	emɔcedužuǵ

Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.

ež emɔcedduǵ 
the harvest

Passive diathesis and impersonal form

The passive diathesis displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.

• The imperfective form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
• The perfective form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.

Examples:

ež hunno həjšeččuǵ
the field is/will be cultivated

ežno hunnono ežəjšeččugino
the fields were cultivated

Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an impersonal value, instead of a passive one.

hišegguǵ
one falls, people fall

The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.