User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII
Verbs
Verbs in Ỹhɛ language usually have a multisyllabic form. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while other features are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
On the morphological level the verb display no person, or number, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
godner (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
ɔ̃ godner I hear
eɕeɕ godner you (pl.) hear
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey both the aspectual and the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the aspectual particles is called verb cluster.
godner nuvɔ hear - past+perfective
The aspectual particles make a distinction between a present form, a past form, and a future form:
| progressive | |||
| perfective | |||
| resultative | |||
| habitual | |||
| repetitive | |||
| experiential | |||
| prospective |
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as a gnomic aspect, namely pointing to an always extant and true action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
ɔ̃ godner I hear (always)
ɔ̃ godner moce I am hearing
ɔ̃ godner nuvɔ I heard
ɔ̃ godner ɔpsä I will (repeteadly) hear
Two additional particles can be placed before the verb, dji, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and ňi, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle. Each particle has a formal and a informal counterpart.
| imperative | ||
| prohibitive |
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used.
ği ɣoreɟ go!
ği ɣoreɟ no go! (up to destination)
eɕ ği ɣoreɟ mu uc ği gõvå you go, but he stay!
