User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII
Noun declension
Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
| -r | -rĩ | |
| - | - ̃ | |
| -š | -šũ |
An example is shown below: sobar, dog.
| sobar | sobarĩ | |
| soba | sobã | |
| sobaš | sobašũ | |
As it can be noticed, the plural form of the accusative case always involves nasalization of the last vowel. This process may happen on every available vowel, but, if the last vowel is already nasal in the singular, the plural accusative form will be identical to its singular counterpart.
Nouns ending in a consonant in the singular direct case usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. There is no tendency on a specific euphonic vowel.
An example is shown below: rimər, world, earth.
| rimər | rimərĩ | |
| rim | rimə̃ | |
| riməš | riməšũ | |
In this case, the added vowel is -ə-, which is regularly nasalized in the accusative plural form. Every euphonic vowel is always shown in the citation form, the singular nominative case.
The vowels -ə-, -i- or -u- are often dropped in the accusative singular, when present before the nominative singular ending.
Some irregular nouns, whose base form ends in a vowel, can add an entire syllable before the case endings.
An example is shown below: swõnur, house.
| swõnur | swõnurĩ | |
| swõ | swõnũ | |
| swõnuš | swõnušũ | |
The irregularly added syllable is more than often -nə-, -ne-, -ni- or -no-. If the last vowel of the base form is nasalized, it can sometimes lose nasalization in the forms with the added syllable. This forms are regarded as irregular and, in earlier texts, they can display many alternatives: for example the word swõnur has earlier alternatives like accusative plural swonũ or oblique plural swõnošũ, already fallen out of use in modern texts.
Some nouns, whose roots end in a consonant cluster, can introduce an euphonic vowel -ə- between these consonants in the accusative singular form.
An example is shown below: moɣžur, herd.
| moɣžur | moɣžurĩ | |
| moɣəž | moɣžũ | |
| moɣžuš | moɣžušũ | |
La vocale eufonica viene aggiunta solamente quando il gruppo consonantico finale è troppo complesso per essere pronunciato in assenza di vocali. In altri casi la forma rimane invariata:
Un numero esiguo di nomi presenta desinenze irregolari di plurale:
| -ir | |
| -i | |
| -iš |
Queste desinenze sono spesso accompagnate da irregolarità, sia vocaliche, in seguito ad un effetto metafonico, sia consonantiche, nella radice del nome.
An example is shown below: roɣur, eye.
| roɣur | ruɣir | |
| rog | ruɣi | |
| roɣuš | ruɣiš | |
Dallo stesso esempio si può notare come i nomi terminanti in -ɣur al nominativo singolare, tendano a presentare una forma in -g all’accusativo singolare.
Altri nomi, invece, presentano invece decise irregolarità, sia vocaliche che consonantiche, nella radice del nome.
An example is shown below: rəjr, thing.
| rəjr | rəjrĩ | |
| ri | rĩ | |
| rəjš | rəjšũ | |
A causa di queste numerose irregolarità, insieme alla forma di citazione del nominativo singolare, viene sempre citata anche la forma dell’accusativo singolare e, se necessario dell’accusativo plurale:
- swõnur, n. (swõ), house.
- roɣur, n. (rog, ruɣi), eye.
