Kala/affixes

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.

pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-pa	n	able to ~; can ~; ~ is possible [POT]	pala	na inapa I am able to eat.
-pe	n	part/piece of ~	peya	inape morsel; crumb
-po	v	compelled to ~; forced to ~	nipo	na inapo I am compelled to eat.
-pu	n	attire; clothes; clothing	puku	anapu hat
-pua	v	finished; completed [PFV]	opua	ha inapua He has eaten.
-pya	v	attempt; try [ATT]	upya	kam inapya They are trying to eat.
-pye	n	too much/many; excessive(ly)	kupye	ke inapye There's too much food.
-pyo	n / v	disease; ill; sick	pyoki	tsinipyo diabetes
-mpa	n	many; much; a lot	mpa	mitampa ina Many dogs are eating.
-mpe	n / v	only; just; merely [LIM]	amye	tlanampe kala Only people speak.
-mpo	n / v	bad; unfavorable; poor quality	mala	inampo bad/rotten food
-mpu	n	shaped like ~; ~ form	umpu	pyotampu cube shaped

ta

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-ta	n	male; masculine [MASC]	tlaka	umata stallion
-tai	n	named; (so-)called ~	ata	kumatai a so-called bear
-te	v	propose; request [PREC]; suggest	teya	inate Please eat.
ti-	num	diverse; multi-; multiply	tiha	tika'o septuplet; seven times
-to	n / v	manner; method; way	to	yamato mountaineering
-kan	n / v	leader; chief; senior	kana	mitakan alpha-dog
-ke	v	doubt; suspect; suspicion [dubitative DUB]	ketsa	ta unyake [it is doubted that] you know
ki-	num	next; order; sequence [ordinal]	tsuki	kiha'o third; 3rd
-ko (-tlo)	n / v	agentive [AG]; one who ~	ko	yalako walker
-kua	n	all; entire; every; whole	kua	mitakua hinatle all dogs that are here
-kya	v	co-hortative [HORT]	kya	yalakya Let's go.
-kyo	n / v	college; school; university	hakyo	hayakyo veterinarian school
-kyo	v	fast; rapidly; quickly	kyolo	nam inakyo We eat quickly.
-nke (-k)	n / v	negative [NEG]; no; not	nke	hinak not [be] here
-nko	v	continue; proceed; progressive [PROG]	nkoso	ha mokunko She is sleeping.
-nku	pro	reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP]	anku	nanku anyatli we will see each other
-m (-lo)	n	general plural	ma	mitam dogs
-ma	n / v	time for/to ~	ama	inama (the) time to eat
-me	v	cancel; undo ~	kume	iname vomit [un-eat]
-mi	n	few; small amount [paucal PAU]	ma + ahi	mitami moku a few dogs sleep
-mo	n / v	location; place; where	mo	inamo restaurant; diner
-mu	v	begin; initial; start [inchoative INCH]	mula	ha inamu he begins to eat
-mua	n / v	lack, be without, be in need of; insufficient	pamua	inamua famine ; hunger
-mya	v	cause; do; make [causative CAUS]	muya	ta'ena nukumya You cause me to hate.
-mye	v	redo; resume	muyaye	ha inamye She is eating (it) again.
-myo	v	allow; permit [permissive PERM]	myonta	eta inamyo You are allowed to eat.
-n (-no)	v	adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous)	no	mita oyan a blackish dog
-na	n	woman; feminine [FEM]	naka	umana mare
-nai	n / v	type of food; food of ~	ina	mitanai dog food
-ne	v	ought to; suggest [SUG]	neya	ta inane You should eat.
-ni	n / v	good; pleasant; regular	niha	inani nice food / fine cuisine
-nua	n / v	frequent; often; regular [FREQ]	nua	kam inanua They eat frequently.
-nyo	n / v	device; equipment; tool [INSTR]	mayo	inanyo eating utensil [fork; spoon]
-sa	n / v	room; chamber; section	sala	inasa dining room
-si	n / v	color of ~	sahi	senusi hair color
-so	n	class; type; kind	so	mitaso a dog breed
-su	n / v	market; shop; store	suku	inasu grocery; food market
-sue	v	prepare; get/be ready	yaso	na inasue I am ready to eat.
-ha	n / v	augmentative [AUG]; big; large	taha	mitaha ina The big dog eats.
-he	n / v	need; necessity; require [NEC]	heya	ta inahe You need to eat.
-hi	n / v	diminutive [DIM]; few; small	ahi	mitahi puppy (small dog)
-ho	v	assert; claim; state	toho	ta pakaho (it is asserted that) You are dumb.
-hu	n / v	aggressive; drastic; extreme	kyohu	mita oyahu an extremely black dog
-hua	n / v	flower; plant; flora	maua	nekohua cattail (typha)
-hue	n	locative [LOC]	hue	ha tsakahue She's at home.
-hya	n / v	animal; fauna	haya	tsakahya pen; habitat; cage
-hyo	n	juice; extract; liquid from ~	hyota	pomahyo apple juice
-tsa	n / v	damn [general invective]	tsaya	mitatsa a damned dog
-tse	v	appear; seem	tse'e	ha inatse She seems to be eating.
tsi-	n	angle; bend; corner	atsi	tsiya'o pentagon (five angles)
-tso	n / v	center; middle; mid-; half	tsoya	kunyetso half-moon
-tsu	n	flesh; meat; pulp	kutsu	manotsu chicken meat
-tsua	n / v	almost; nearly; more-or-less	tsua	ha hinatsua She is almost here.
-tsue	v	late; delayed; slow	tsipue	mita empatsue The dog runs slowly.
-tla	n / v	language; dialect; speech	kala	nihonotla Japanese [language]
-tle (-le)	v	relative clause marker [REL]	ele	na nahi inatle unya I know the girl that/who is eating.
tli-	n	collective plural [COL]; group; pack	tatli	tlimita malo a pack of brown dogs
-tli	v	future tense [FUT]	atli	na inatli I will eat.
ua-	n	that (by you) [MED]	uatla	uamita hayo That dog (by you) is his/hers.
-ua	n / v	science of ~; study of ~	kuaha	hayaua veterinarian medicine
-ue	n / v	intenion; desire; will [VOL]	ueha / ueyo	na inaue I want/intend to eat.
-la	v	go; move in direction of	yala	ha nahela She is going inside.
-la	n / v	become; change/turn into ~	ela	ha inyala She is becoming hungry.
-la	n	any; indefinite; some ~	ula	mola anywhere; somewhere; wherever
-li	n	apiece; each; every	oli	mitali kinya Each dog is silver.
-ya	n	in-law; relative by marriage	tlaya	nakuya sister-in-law
ye-	n	that (over there) [DIST]	yetla	ta yemita anya ka Do you see that dog (over there)?
-ye	v	past tense [PST]	aye	na inaye I ate.
-yo	n	possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN]	yoha	mita nayo my dog
e-	n	object; patient [P]	eke	eta unya You are known.
i-	n	this (by me) [PROX]	itla	imita nayo This dog is mine.
-i	n / v	reflexive [REFL]	ki	na'i tlela I bathe myself.
o-	n	venerated; honored	o	otsaka The honorable home.
-u / u-	n / v	(double for redundant syllable)	u	tsaka taha'u The very large house.

Notes

1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.

pa

-pa

from pala

1. able to ~; can ~ [ABIL]
2. ~ is possible; potential [POT]

example

• na inapa

1S eat-ABIL

I am able to eat.

• kamena anyapak

3PL-P.1S see-ABIL-NEG

They can't see me.
They can't possibly see me.

-pe

from peya

1. part
2. piece of ~

example

• inape

piece of food; morsel; crumb

-po

from nipo

1. coerce
2. force; compel

example

• eha inapoye

P.3sg eat-compel-PST

He was compelled to eat.

ta

-ta

from tlaka

1. male; masculine [MASC]

• umata

stallion, male horse; stud

-tai

from ata

1. be named; name [so called]

• umatai

a so-called horse

-te

from teya

1. propose; request [PREC]
2. suggest

• ya inate

VOC eat-PREC

Please eat.

ti-

from tiha

1. multiple of ~; ~ times
2. -ple

• tiha'o

thrice; triple; trio

-to

from to

1. manner; method; way

• makato

musicianship; musicality

ka

-kan

from kana

1. leader; teacher
2. chief of ~

• hakyokan

principal; headmaster

-ke

Kala	gloss	English
ha'ena unyake	3S-P.1S know-DUB	It's doubt(ed/ful) (that) he knows me.
na ke mita inayeke	1S O dog eat-PST-DUB	I doubt (that) the dog ate.

from ketsa

1. doubt
2. suspect; suspicion; dubitative [DUB]

-ki

Kala	gloss	English
itla nya tlelaki	this for wash-REFL	This is for washing oneself/yourself.
mita yatsikiye	dog bite-REFL-PST	The dog bit herself.

from ki

1. self; reflexive [REFL]

ma

-ma

from ama

1. occasion
2. time for ~

• inama ka

eat-time Q

Is it time to eat?

na

-na

from naka

1. female; feminine [FEM]

• umana

mare, female horse

nya

-nyo

from mayo

1. equipment
2. tool for ~

• na ke makanyo heyatli

1S O music-tool need-FUT

I will need the musical instrument.

sa

-sa

from sala

1. room; chamber; compartment

• inasa

dining room, dinning hall

ha

-ha

from taha

1. large; big; huge [AUG]
2. great; grand

• inaha

feast; large meal; buffet

tsa

-tsa

from tsaya

1. damn; general invective
2. shitty ~; damned ~

• umatsa

damned horse

tla

-tla

from kala

1. language; talk; say; speak

• tsayatla

cursing; vulgarities

ua

ua-

from uatla

1. that; medial [MED]

• uamita

that dog (by you)

-ua

from kuaha

1. study of; ~ study

• kehaua

biology

la

-la

from ela

1. become
2. change into ~; turn into ~

• na inyala

1S hunger-become

I'm getting hungry.

-la

from ula

1. any; some
2. whichever; indefinite [INDEF]

• mitala

any/some dog

-la

from yala

1. in the direction of ~ [MOT]

• na ke tsaka nahela

1S O house within-MOT

I'm going into the house.

ya

-ya

from tlaya

1. in-law
2. relative by marriage

• nakuya

sister-in-law

ye-

from yetla

1. that (over there); distal [DIST]

• yemita

that dog (over there)

-ye

from aye

1. past; past tense [PST]

• na inaye

1S eat-PST

I ate.

-yo

from yoha

1. have; possess [POSS]
2. genitive [GEN]

• imita nayo

PROX-dog 1S.POSS

This is my dog.

a

i-

from itla

1. this (by me); proximal [PROX]

• imita

this dog (by me)

Notes

1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.