User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Pronouns

In the archaic period, pronouns are regarded as grammatical root, without an actual semantic meaning and only as grammatical referents. Their structure is thus usually (C)V(C). However, in a later pre-diasporic period, most pronominal roots are expanded to a disyllabic noun-type root, usually through the morphemes -tu and -lo.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns convey only the first two persons (1^st and 2^nd) without any distinction in number.

Both the first and the second person have indeed two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; the first forms convey the agentive case, and the second forms convey the passive case, the only cases originally conveyed by the personal pronoun.

	1st person	2nd person
agentive	oɬ	er
passive	jo	næ

These form are used in a very earlier period, when the basic word order is still VSO. Later they show a marked tendency to cliticization to the verbal form. Thus, new agentive forms for the personal pronouns arise, by expanding the original roots with the morpheme -tu. The passive forms are usually not expanded, likely because they already have a CV syllabic structure.

	1st person	2nd person
agentive	oɬtu	ertu
passive	jo	næ

Sulla base di queste radici vengono in seguito formati gli altri casi. Non esiste accordo su quale radice eteroclita scegliere per aggiungere i morfemi di caso, perciò, si ritiene che rimanga sostanzialmente libera durante tutto il periodo unitario. As these pronouns intrinsically refer to a semantically animate noun, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to these roots.

	Singular declension
	1st person	2nd person
agentive	oɬtu	ertu
passive	jo	næ
genitive	oɬtura jora	ertura næra
ablative	oɬtuʂu joʂu	ertuʂu næʂu
terminative	oɬtuχæ joχæ	ertuχæ næχæ
causative	oɬtukʰu jokʰu	ertukʰu nækʰu
instrumental	-	-
abessive	-	-
locative	-	-

As in the nominal declension, both the plural morpheme, -no, and the dual morpheme, -ʔi, can be freely placed either before or after the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.

	Plural declension
	1st person		2nd person
agentive	oɬtuno		ertuno
passive	jono		næno
genitive	oɬtunora jonora	oɬturano jorano	ertunora nænora	erturano nærano
ablative	oɬtunoʂu jonoʂu	oɬtuʂuno joʂuno	ertunoʂu nænoʂu	ertuʂuno næʂuno
terminative	oɬtunoχæ jonoχæ	oɬtuχæno joχæno	ertunoχæ nænoχæ	ertuχæno næχæno
causative	oɬtunokʰu jonokʰu	oɬtukʰuno jokʰuno	ertunokʰu nænokʰu	ertukʰuno nækʰuno
instrumental	-	-	-	-
abessive	-	-	-	-
locative	-	-	-	-

	Dual declension
	1st person		2nd person
agentive	oɬtuʔi		ertuʔi
passive	joʔi		næʔi
genitive	oɬtuʔira joʔira	oɬturaʔi joraʔi	ertuʔira næʔira	erturaʔi næraʔi
ablative	oɬtuʔiʂu joʔiʂu	oɬtuʂuʔi joʂuʔi	ertuʔiʂu næʔiʂu	ertuʂuʔi næʂuʔi
terminative	oɬtuʔiχæ joʔiχæ	oɬtuχæʔi joχæʔi	ertuʔiχæ næʔiχæ	ertuχæʔi næχæʔi
causative	oɬtuʔikʰu joʔikʰu	oɬtukʰuʔi jokʰuʔi	ertuʔikʰu næʔikʰu	ertukʰuʔi nækʰuʔi
instrumental	-	-	-	-
abessive	-	-	-	-
locative	-	-	-	-

Le forme di genitivo e di ablativo ricoprono, secondo il loro significato, il ruolo degli aggettivi e dei pronomi possessivi.