User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verb: xuvew, to hit.

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- (which changes into -o- in the 2^{nd and}3^rd singular persons) and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	xuvun
2^nd sing.	xuvo
3^rd sing.	xuvo
1^st plur.	xuvum‘i
2^nd plur.	xuvuv‘i
3^rd plur.	xuvuv‘i

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -u-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	ňerow	x‘ow
1^st sing.	ňerun	xown
2^nd sing.	ňero	xow
3^rd sing.	ňero	xow
1^st plur.	ňerum‘i	xowm‘i
2^nd plur.	ňeruv‘i	xowv‘i
3^rd plur.	ňeruv‘i	xowv‘i

Present tense

The past is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -y- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	xuvyn
2^nd sing.	xuvy
3^rd sing.	xuvy
1^st plur.	xuvym‘i
2^nd plur.	xuvyv‘i
3^rd plur.	xuvyv‘i

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -y-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	ňerow	x‘ow
1^st sing.	ňerywn	xɔn
2^nd sing.	ňeryw	xɔ
3^rd sing.	ňeryw	xɔ
1^st plur.	ňerywm‘i	xɔm‘i
2^nd plur.	ňerywv‘i	xɔv‘i
3^rd plur.	ňerywv‘i	xɔv‘i

Perfect tense

The perfect is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	xuvan
2^nd sing.	xuva
3^rd sing.	xuva
1^st plur.	xuvam‘i
2^nd plur.	xuvav‘i
3^rd plur.	xuvav‘i

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the perfect tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -a-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the perfect tense of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	ňerow	x‘ow
1^st sing.	ňerown	xawn
2^nd sing.	ňerow	xaw
3^rd sing.	ňerow	xaw
1^st plur.	ňerowm‘i	xawm‘i
2^nd plur.	ňerowv‘i	xawv‘i
3^rd plur.	ňerowv‘i	xawv‘i

Present continuous tense

The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb imew, to be, the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1^st sing.	imun xuvoð‘i
2^nd sing.	imo xuvoð‘i
3^rd sing.	imo xuvoð‘i
1^st plur.	imum‘i xuvoð‘i
2^nd plur.	imuv‘i xuvoð‘i
3^rd plur.	imuv‘i xuvoð‘i

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Past continuous tense

The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more imũ
2^nd sing.	more imuh
3^rd sing.	more ĩ
1^st plur.	mori imuxi
2^nd plur.	mori imudi
3^rd plur.	mori imuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	moru imõ
2^nd sing.	moru imoh
3^rd sing.	moru imo
1^st plur.	moru imoxi
2^nd plur.	moru imodi
3^rd plur.	moru imoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	moru imũ
2^nd sing.	moru imuh
3^rd sing.	moru ĩ
1^st plur.	moru imuxi
2^nd plur.	moru imudi
3^rd plur.	moru imuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future continuous tense

The future continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more imɔbõ
2^nd sing.	more imɔboh
3^rd sing.	more imɔbo
1^st plur.	mori imɔboxi
2^nd plur.	mori imɔbodi
3^rd plur.	mori imɔboβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	morɔbe imõ
2^nd sing.	morɔbe imoh
3^rd sing.	morɔbe imo
1^st plur.	morɔbi imoxi
2^nd plur.	morɔbi imodi
3^rd plur.	morɔbi imoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	morɔbe imũ
2^nd sing.	morɔbe imuh
3^rd sing.	morɔbe ĩ
1^st plur.	morɔbi imuxi
2^nd plur.	morɔbi imudi
3^rd plur.	morɔbi imuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses.

In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -əβ-, which is placed between the root and the thematic vowels. The infix itself can be undergo alterations in the 3^rd singular person, but other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -o-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	morəβõ
2^nd sing.	morəβoh
3^rd sing.	morəβo
1^st plur.	morəβoxi
2^nd plur.	morəβodi
3^rd plur.	morəβoβi

Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.

	soβɔr
1^st sing.	saβəβõ
2^nd sing.	saβəβoh
3^rd sing.	saβəβo
1^st plur.	saβəβoxi
2^nd plur.	saβəβodi
3^rd plur.	saβəβoβi

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	feβõ
2^nd sing.	feβoh
3^rd sing.	feβo
1^st plur.	feβoxi
2^nd plur.	feβodi
3^rd plur.	feβoβi

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -u-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	morəβũ
2^nd sing.	morəβuh
3^rd sing.	morə
1^st plur.	morəβuxi
2^nd plur.	morəβudi
3^rd plur.	morəβuβi

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	feβũ
2^nd sing.	feβuh
3^rd sing.	fe
1^st plur.	feβuxi
2^nd plur.	feβudi
3^rd plur.	feβuβi

Future tense

The future is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the future infix -ɔbo-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	morəβɔbõ
2^nd sing.	morəβɔboh
3^rd sing.	morəβɔbo
1^st plur.	morəβɔboxi
2^nd plur.	morəβɔbodi
3^rd plur.	morəβɔboβi

Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.

	soβɔr
1^st sing.	saβəβɔbõ
2^nd sing.	saβəβɔboh
3^rd sing.	saβəβɔbo
1^st plur.	saβəβɔboxi
2^nd plur.	saβəβɔbodi
3^rd plur.	saβəβɔboβi

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the future tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	feβɔbõ
2^nd sing.	feβɔboh
3^rd sing.	feβɔbo
1^st plur.	feβɔboxi
2^nd plur.	feβɔbodi
3^rd plur.	feβɔboβi

Present continuous tense

The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more iməβõ
2^nd sing.	more iməβoh
3^rd sing.	more iməβo
1^st plur.	mori iməβoxi
2^nd plur.	mori iməβodi
3^rd plur.	mori iməβoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Past continuous tense

The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more iməβũ
2^nd sing.	more iməβuh
3^rd sing.	more imə
1^st plur.	mori iməβuxi
2^nd plur.	mori iməβudi
3^rd plur.	mori iməβuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	moru iməβõ
2^nd sing.	moru iməβoh
3^rd sing.	moru iməβo
1^st plur.	moru iməβoxi
2^nd plur.	moru iməβodi
3^rd plur.	moru iməβoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	moru iməβũ
2^nd sing.	moru iməβuh
3^rd sing.	moru imə
1^st plur.	moru iməβuxi
2^nd plur.	moru iməβudi
3^rd plur.	moru iməβuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future continuous tense

The future continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more iməβɔbõ
2^nd sing.	more iməβɔboh
3^rd sing.	more iməβɔbo
1^st plur.	mori iməβɔboxi
2^nd plur.	mori iməβɔbodi
3^rd plur.	mori iməβɔboβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	morɔbe iməβõ
2^nd sing.	morɔbe iməβoh
3^rd sing.	morɔbe iməβo
1^st plur.	morɔbi iməβoxi
2^nd plur.	morɔbi iməβodi
3^rd plur.	morɔbi iməβoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	morɔbe iməβũ
2^nd sing.	morɔbe iməβuh
3^rd sing.	morɔbe imə
1^st plur.	morɔbi iməβuxi
2^nd plur.	morɔbi iməβudi
3^rd plur.	morɔbi iməβuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.

It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1^st singular person.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	-
2^nd sing.	morodɔ
3^rd sing.	morodɔ
1^st plur.	moroxidɔ
2^nd plur.	morodidɔ
3^rd plur.	moroβidɔ

The 2^nd and 3^rd singular persons display the same ending. There is no morphological difference between the two persons, which are distinguished only by the context in the sentence.

Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the imperative present tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.

	soβɔr
1^st sing.	-
2^nd sing.	saβodɔ
3^rd sing.	saβodɔ
1^st plur.	saβoxidɔ
2^nd plur.	saβodidɔ
3^rd plur.	saβoβidɔ

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -o-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	-
2^nd sing.	fydɔ
3^rd sing.	fydɔ
1^st plur.	fyxidɔ
2^nd plur.	fydidɔ
3^rd plur.	fyβidɔ

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

The infinitive is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -r.

It displays three tenses, present, past, and future, formed through the thematic vowels and the future infix:

present	past	future
morɔr	morur	morɔbor

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different thematic vowels and a slightly different version of the future infix. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

present	past	future
for	fyr	fɔbor

Active participle

The active participle displays three tenses, present, past, and future, formed through different vocalic endings:

present	past	future
moreh	moruh	morɔbeh

The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different vocalic endings. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

present	past	future
feh	foh	febeh

The past form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.

Passive participle

The passive participle displays three tenses, present, past, and future, formed through the thematic vowels and the future infix. It is marked by the ending -nih:

present	past	future
moronih	morunih	morɔbonih

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

This participle is mostly used in the formation of the passive diathesis form, with the auxiliary verb imɔr, to be.

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, to be with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	present passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr
present continuous	present passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr
past	past passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr
past continuous	past passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr
perfect	present passive participle + indicative past forms of imɔr
pluperfect	past passive participle + indicative past forms of imɔr
future	future passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr
future continuous	future passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr
anterior future	present passive participle + indicative future forms of imɔr
future in the past	past passive participle + indicative future forms of imɔr

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	moronih imõ, ...
present continuous	moronih ime imõ, ...
past	morunih imõ, ...
past continuous	morunih ime imõ, ...
perfect	moronih imũ, ...
pluperfect	morunih imũ, ...
future	morɔbonih imõ, ...
future continuous	morɔbonih ime imõ, ...
anterior future	moronih imɔbõ, ...
future in the past	morunih imɔbõ, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
present	present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
present continuous	present passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
past	past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
past continuous	past passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
perfect	present passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr
pluperfect	past passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr
future	future passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
future continuous	future passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
anterior future	present passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr
future in the past	past passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	moronih iməβõ, ...
present continuous	moronih ime iməβõ, ...
past	morunih iməβõ, ...
past continuous	morunih ime iməβõ, ...
perfect	moronih iməβũ, ...
pluperfect	morunih iməβũ, ...
future	morɔbonih iməβõ, ...
future continuous	morɔbonih ime iməβõ, ...
anterior future	moronih iməβɔbõ, ...
future in the past	morunih iməβɔbõ, ...

Imperative mood

Tense	Construction
present	present passive participle + imperative present forms of imɔr

Examples (for each tense only the 2^nd person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	moronih imodɔ, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
present	present passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
past	past passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
future	future passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr

Examples:

Tense	Construction
present	moronih imɔr
past	morunih imɔr
future	morɔbonih imɔr

User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

Present tense

Perfect tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future continuous tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Subjunctive mood

Present tense

Past tense

Future tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future continuous tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Imperative mood

Present tense

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

Active participle

Passive participle

Passive diathesis

Indicative mood

Subjunctive mood

Imperative mood

Infinitive mood

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