User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII
Conjugation of regular verbs
Sample verbs: māḱekəme, to close, to shut, featuring the regular introflexive process of vowel switching between the root, and ʂetenəme, to write, featuring the -iək- expansion in the perfective root.
(All verbs forming their perfective root with the -iək- infix are regarded as irregular. They, however, follow the regular conjugation patters of regular verbs, besides the irregular perfective formation)
Indicative mood
Imperfective present tense
The imperfective present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
The imperfective present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
Perfective present/future tense
The perfective present/future is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
The perfective present/future tense conveys completed actions or states, mostly in the future, but also in the immediate present, especially in dependent clauses.
Imperfective past tense
The imperfective past is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
The imperfective past tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
Perfective past tense
The perfective past is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
Imperfective future tense
The imperfective future is the only compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ʔəɳəme, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive form of the conjugated verb, placed at the end of the clause:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
The imperfective past tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the future.
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
Potential mood
The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
The potential widely features the infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -jɛts- or -jɛts-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.
djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝɛtsū to drink → I might drink
lilužiwgɛ → līlužɛtsū to see → I might see
Imperfective present tense
The imperfective present is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st dual | ||
| 2nd dual | ||
| 3rd dual | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
The potential infix merges with the 3rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
Perfective future tense
The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st dual | ||
| 2nd dual | ||
| 3rd dual | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
The potential infix merges with the 3rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
Imperfective future tense
The imperfective future is a simple tense. The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st dual | ||
| 2nd dual | ||
| 3rd dual | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3rd singular person ending.
Imperfective past tense
The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st dual | ||
| 2nd dual | ||
| 3rd dual | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
Perfective past tense
The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). TThe potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st dual | ||
| 2nd dual | ||
| 3rd dual | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It is marked by the ending -iwgɛ.
| imperfective | ||
| perfective |
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case.
There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitive forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.
čilügɛ to sleep
Participle
The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (with some of which it may take an impersonal value). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.
It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It widely features the infix -juɣi/-́uɣi, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -juɣi or -juɣi-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.
djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝuɣiw to drink → drunk
lilužiwgɛ → līlužuɣiw to see → seen
Examples:
| imperfective | ||
| perfective |
Passive diathesis and impersonal form
The passive diathesis displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.
- The imperfective form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
- The perfective form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.
Examples:
šūnju šiwšɛčuɣiw the field is/will be cultivated
šūnjū šɛšiwɛčuɣü the fields were cultivated
Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an impersonal value, instead of a passive one.
xiṡɛɣjuɣiw one falls, people fall
The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.
