User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs: as a class I verb, mōtsɛdiwgɛ, to pick up, to collect, as a class II verb, xiṡɛɣiwgɛ, to fall.

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Imperfective present tense

The imperfective present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdū	xiṡɛɣū
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdir	xiṡɛɣir
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdjɛc	xiṡɛg
1^st dual	mōtsɛdiwhū	xiṡɛɣiwhū
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdiwhir	xiṡɛɣiwhir
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdiwcɛc	xiṡɛɣiwh
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdü	xiṡɛɣü
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdür	xiṡɛɣür
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdünjɛc	xiṡɛɣün

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-^jɛc or null ending, irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.

Perfective future tense

The perfective future is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mɛtsōdū	xɛṡiɣū
2^nd sing.	mɛtsōdir	xɛṡiɣir
3^rd sing.	mɛtsōdjɛc	xɛṡig
1^st dual	mɛtsōdiwhū	xɛṡiɣiwhū
2^nd dual	mɛtsōdiwhir	xɛṡiɣiwhir
3^rd dual	mɛtsōdiwcɛc	xɛṡiɣiwh
1^st plur.	mɛtsōdü	xɛṡiɣü
2^nd plur.	mɛtsōdür	xɛṡiɣür
3^rd plur.	mmɛtsōdünjɛc	xɛṡiɣün

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-^jɛc or null ending, irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdiwçū	xiṡɛɣiwçū
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdiwçir	xiṡɛɣiwçir
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdiwčɛc	xiṡɛɣiwç
1^st dual	mōtsɛdiwçiwhū	xiṡɛɣiwçiwhū
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdiwçiwhir	xiṡɛɣiwçiwhir
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdiwçiwcɛc	xiṡɛɣiwçiwh
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdiwçü	xiṡɛɣiwçü
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdiwçür	xiṡɛɣiwçür
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdiwçünjɛc	xiṡɛɣiwçün

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3^rd singular person ending.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -īdu is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdīdu	xiṡɛɣīdu
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdīdu	xiṡɛɣīdu
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdīdu	xiṡɛɣīdu
1^st dual	mōtsɛdīduhiw	xiṡɛɣīduhiw
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdīduhiw	xiṡɛɣīduhiw
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdīduhiw	xiṡɛɣīduhiw
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdīdū	xiṡɛɣīdū
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdīdū	xiṡɛɣīdū
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdīdū	xiṡɛɣīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -īdu is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mɛtsōdīdu	xɛṡiɣīdu
2^nd sing.	mɛtsōdīdu	xɛṡiɣīdu
3^rd sing.	mɛtsōdīdu	xɛṡiɣīdu
1^st dual	mɛtsōdīduhiw	xɛṡiɣīduhiw
2^nd dual	mɛtsōdīduhiw	xɛṡiɣīduhiw
3^rd dual	mɛtsōdīduhiw	xɛṡiɣīduhiw
1^st plur.	mɛtsōdīdū	xɛṡiɣīdū
2^nd plur.	mɛtsōdīdū	xɛṡiɣīdū
3^rd plur.	mɛtsōdīdū	xɛṡiɣīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.

Imperfective present tense

The imperfective present is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdiwňū	xiṡɛɣiwňū
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdiwňir	xiṡɛɣiwňir
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdiwňɛc	xiṡɛɣiwň
1^st dual	mōtsɛdiwňiwhū	xiṡɛɣiwňiwhū
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdiwňiwňiwhir	xiṡɛɣiwňiwhir
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdiwňiwcɛc	xiṡɛɣiwňiwh
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdiwňü	xiṡɛɣiwňü
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdiwňür	xiṡɛɣiwňür
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdiwňünjɛc	xiṡɛɣiwňün

The subjunctive infix merges with the 3^rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3^rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.

Perfective future tense

The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mɛtsōdiwňū	xɛṡiɣiwňū
2^nd sing.	mɛtsōdiwňir	xɛṡiɣiwňir
3^rd sing.	mɛtsōdiwňɛc	xɛṡiɣiwň
1^st dual	mɛtsōdiwňiwhū	xɛṡiɣiwňiwhū
2^nd dual	mɛtsōdiwňiwňiwhir	xɛṡiɣiwňiwhir
3^rd dual	mɛtsōdiwňiwcɛc	xɛṡiɣiwňiwh
1^st plur.	mɛtsōdiwňü	xɛṡiɣiwňü
2^nd plur.	mɛtsōdiwňür	xɛṡiɣiwňür
3^rd plur.	mɛtsōdiwňünjɛc	xɛṡiɣiwňün

The subjunctive infix merges with the 3^rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3^rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is a simple tense. The subjunctive infix -iwň-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdiwňiwçū	xiṡɛɣiwňiwçū
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdiwňiwçir	xiṡɛɣiwňiwçir
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdiwňiwčɛc	xiṡɛɣiwňiwç
1^st dual	mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwhū	xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwhū
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwhir	xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwhir
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwcɛc	xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwh
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdiwňiwçü	xiṡɛɣiwňiwçü
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdiwňiwçür	xiṡɛɣiwňiwçür
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdiwňiwçünjɛc	xiṡɛɣiwňiwçün

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3^rd singular person ending.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The subjunctive infix -iwň- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdiwňīdu	xiṡɛɣiwňīdu
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdiwňīdu	xiṡɛɣiwňīdu
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdiwňīdu	xiṡɛɣiwňīdu
1^st dual	mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw	xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw	xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw	xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdiwňīdū	xiṡɛɣiwňīdū
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdiwňīdū	xiṡɛɣiwňīdū
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdiwňīdū	xiṡɛɣiwňīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). TThe subjunctive infix -iwň- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mɛtsōdiwňīdu	xɛṡiɣiwňīdu
2^nd sing.	mɛtsōdiwňīdu	xɛṡiɣiwňīdu
3^rd sing.	mɛtsōdiwňīdu	xɛṡiɣiwňīdu
1^st dual	mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw	xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw
2^nd dual	mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw	xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw
3^rd dual	mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw	xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw
1^st plur.	mɛtsōdiwňīdū	xɛṡiɣiwňīdū
2^nd plur.	mɛtsōdiwňīdū	xɛṡiɣiwňīdū
3^rd plur.	mɛtsōdiwňīdū	xɛṡiɣiwňīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Potential mood

The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The potential widely features the infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -jɛts- or -^jɛts-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.

djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝɛtsū
to drink → I might drink

lilužiwgɛ → līlužɛtsū
to see → I might see

Imperfective present tense

The imperfective present is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdjɛtsū	xiṡɛɣjɛtsū
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdjɛtsir	xiṡɛɣjɛtsir
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdjɛcɛc	xiṡɛɣjɛts
1^st dual	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwhū	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhū
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwňiwhir	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhir
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwcɛc	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwh
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdjɛtsü	xiṡɛɣjɛtsü
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdjɛtsür	xiṡɛɣjɛtsür
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdjɛtsünjɛc	xiṡɛɣjɛtsün

The potential infix merges with the 3^rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3^rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.

Perfective future tense

The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mɛtsōdjɛtsū	xɛṡiɣjɛtsū
2^nd sing.	mɛtsōdjɛtsir	xɛṡiɣjɛtsir
3^rd sing.	mɛtsōdjɛcɛc	xɛṡiɣjɛts
1^st dual	mɛtsōdjɛtsiwhū	xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhū
2^nd dual	mɛtsōdjɛtsiwňiwhir	xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhir
3^rd dual	mɛtsōdjɛtsiwcɛc	xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwh
1^st plur.	mɛtsōdjɛtsü	xɛṡiɣjɛtsü
2^nd plur.	mɛtsōdjɛtsür	xɛṡiɣjɛtsür
3^rd plur.	mɛtsōdjɛtsünjɛc	xɛṡiɣjɛtsün

The potential infix merges with the 3^rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3^rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is a simple tense. The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçū	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçū
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçir	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçir
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwčɛc	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwç
1^st dual	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhū	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhū
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhir	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhir
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwcɛc	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwh
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçü	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçü
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçür	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçür
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçünjɛc	xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçün

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3^rd singular person ending.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu	xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu	xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu	xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu
1^st dual	mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw	xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw	xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw	xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū	xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū	xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū	xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). TThe potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu	xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu
2^nd sing.	mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu	xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu
3^rd sing.	mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu	xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu
1^st dual	mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw	xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw
2^nd dual	mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw	xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw
3^rd dual	mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw	xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw
1^st plur.	mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū	xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū
2^nd plur.	mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū	xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū
3^rd plur.	mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū	xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It is marked by the ending -iwgɛ.

	class I	class II
imperfective	mōtsɛdiwgɛ	xiṡɛɣiwgɛ
perfective	mɛtsōdiwgɛ	xɛṡiɣiwgɛ

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case.

There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitive forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.

čilügɛ
to sleep

Participle

The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (with some of which it may take an impersonal value). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.

It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It widely features the infix -juɣi/-́uɣi, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -juɣi or -^juɣi-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.

djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝuɣiw
to drink → drunk

lilužiwgɛ → līlužuɣiw
to see → seen

Examples:

	class I	class II
imperfective	mōtsɛdjuɣiw	xiṡɛɣjuɣiw
perfective	mɛtsōdjuɣiw	xɛṡiɣjuɣiw

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb cänühä, to be with the various forms of the passive participle.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense. The passive particles always agree with the clause subject in number.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	indicative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	indicative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	indicative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	indicative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	indicative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	indicative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	indicative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cänü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cänü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcänü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
present	subjunctive present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	subjunctive past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	subjunctive present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	subjunctive past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	subjunctive future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	subjunctive future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	subjunctive future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cänünü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cänünü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcänünü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Optative mood

Tense	Construction
present	optative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	optative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	optative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	optative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	optative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	optative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	optative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cänusü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cänusü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcänusü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Potential mood

Tense	Construction
present	potential present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	potential past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	potential present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	potential past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	potential future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	potential future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	potential future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cäńäɕü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cäńäɕü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcäńäɕü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
present	infinitive form of cänühä + present passive participle
past	infinitive form of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (only the infinitival forms of the verb moɕädühä are shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänühä moɕäd́uhi
past	cänühä mäɕod́uhi

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Contents

Conjugation of regular verbs

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Imperfective present tense

Perfective future tense

Imperfective future tense

Imperfective past tense

Perfective past tense

Subjunctive mood

Imperfective present tense

Perfective future tense

Imperfective future tense

Imperfective past tense

Perfective past tense

Potential mood

Imperfective present tense

Perfective future tense

Imperfective future tense

Imperfective past tense

Perfective past tense

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

Participle

Passive diathesis

Indicative mood

Subjunctive mood

Optative mood

Potential mood

Infinitive mood

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