User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of a regular verb

Example: gɛgugiwgɛ, to bring

Indicative mood

Four tenses are simple:

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1^st sing.	gɛgugū	hɛgɛgugū	gugɛgū	hɛgugɛgū
2^nd sing.	gɛgugir	hɛgɛgugir	gugɛgir	hɛgugɛgir
3^rd sing.	gɛgugjɛc¹	hɛgɛgugjɛc¹	gugɛgjɛc¹	hɛgugɛgjɛc¹
3^rd sing.	gɛgug²	hɛgɛgug²	gugɛg²	hɛgugɛg²
1^st dual	gɛgugiwhū	hɛgɛgugiwhū	gugɛgiwhū	hɛgugɛgiwhū
2^nd dual	gɛgugiwhir	hɛgɛgugiwhir	gugɛgiwhir	hɛgugɛgiwhir
3^rd dual	gɛgugiwcɛc	hɛgɛgugiwcɛc	gugɛgiwcɛc	hɛgugɛgiwcɛc
3^rd dual	gɛgugiwh	hɛgɛgugiwh	gugɛgiwh	hɛgugɛgiwh
1^st plur.	gɛgugunū	hɛgɛgugunū	gugɛgunū	hɛgugɛgunū
2^nd plur.	gɛgugunir	hɛgɛgugunir	gugɛgunir	hɛgugɛgunir
3^rd plur.	gɛgugunjɛc	hɛgɛgugunjɛc	gugɛgunjɛc	hɛgugɛgunjɛc
3^rd plur.	gɛgugun	hɛgɛgugun	gugɛgun	hɛgugɛgun

¹ this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:

cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎɛc
to say → he/she/it says

lilušiwgɛ → lilušɛc
to see → he/she/it sees

² this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:

čiwguliwgɛ → čiwgū
to come → he/she/it comes

There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:

Imperfective future: forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
Resultative present: forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
Resultative past: forms of the indicative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.

	imperfective future	resultative present	resultative past
1^st sing.	çɛňū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd sing.	çɛňir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd sing.	çɛňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd sing.	çɛň gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1^st dual	çɛňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd dual	çeňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd dual	çɛňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd dual	çeňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1^st plur.	çɛňunū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd plur.	çɛňunir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd plur.	çɛňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd plur.	çɛňun gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.

Four tenses are simple:

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1^st sing.	gɛgugiwňū	hɛgɛgugiwňū	gugɛgiwňū	hɛgugɛgiwňū
2^nd sing.	gɛgugiwňir	hɛgɛgugiwňir	gugɛgiwňir	hɛgugɛgiwňir
3^rd sing.	gɛgugiwňɛc	hɛgɛgugiwňɛc	gugɛgiwňɛc	hɛgugɛgiwňɛc
3^rd sing.	gɛgugiwň	hɛgɛgugiwň	gugɛgiwň	hɛgugɛgiwň
1^st dual	gɛgugiwňiwhū	hɛgɛgugiwňiwhū	gugɛgiwňiwhū	hɛgugɛgiwňiwhū
2^nd dual	gɛgugiwňiwhir	hɛgɛgugiwňiwhir	gugɛgiwňiwhir	hɛgugɛgiwňiwhir
3^rd dual	gɛgugiwňiwcɛc	hɛgɛgugiwňiwcɛc	gugɛgiwňiwcɛc	hɛgugɛgiwňiwcɛc
3^rd dual	gɛgugiwňiwh	hɛgɛgugiwňiwh	gugɛgiwňiwh	hɛgugɛgiwňiwh
1^st plur.	gɛgugiwňunū	hɛgɛgugiwňunū	gugɛgiwňunū	hɛgugɛgiwňunū
2^nd plur.	gɛgugiwňunir	hɛgɛgugiwňunir	gugɛgiwňunir	hɛgugɛgiwňunir
3^rd plur.	gɛgugiwňunjɛc	hɛgɛgugiwňunjɛc	gugɛgiwňunjɛc	hɛgugɛgiwňunjɛc
3^rd plur.	gɛgugiwňun	hɛgɛgugiwňun	gugɛgiwňun	hɛgugɛgiwňun

Forms of the simple tenses in the subjunctive mood usually do not display other irregularities.

There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:

Imperfective future: forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
Resultative present: forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
Resultative past: forms of the subjunctive past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.

	imperfective future	resultative present	resultative past
1^st sing.	çɛňiwňū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd sing.	çɛňiwňir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd sing.	çɛňiwňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd sing.	çɛňiwň gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1^st dual	çɛňiwňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd dual	çeňiwňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd dual	çɛňiwňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd dual	çeňiwňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1^st plur.	çɛňiwňunū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd plur.	çɛňiwňunir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd plur.	çɛňiwňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd plur.	çɛňiwňun gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ

Optative mood

The optative widely features the infix -uš-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.

Four tenses are simple:

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1^st sing.	gɛgugušū	hɛgɛgugušū	gugɛgušū	hɛgugɛgušū
2^nd sing.	gɛgugušir	hɛgɛgugušir	gugɛgušir	hɛgugɛgušir
3^rd sing.	gɛgugušɛc	hɛgɛgugušɛc	gugɛgušɛc	hɛgugɛgušɛc
3^rd sing.	gɛguguš	hɛgɛguguš	gugɛguš	hɛgugɛguš
1^st dual	gɛgugušiwhū	hɛgɛgugušiwhū	gugɛgušiwhū	hɛgugɛgušiwhū
2^nd dual	gɛgugušiwhir	hɛgɛgugušiwhir	gugɛgušiwhir	hɛgugɛgušiwhir
3^rd dual	gɛgugušiwcɛc	hɛgɛgugušiwcɛc	gugɛgušiwcɛc	hɛgugɛgušiwcɛc
3^rd dual	gɛgugušiwh	hɛgɛgugušiwh	gugɛgušiwh	hɛgugɛgušiwh
1^st plur.	gɛgugušunū	hɛgɛgugušunū	gugɛgušunū	hɛgugɛgušunū
2^nd plur.	gɛgugušunir	hɛgɛgugušunir	gugɛgušunir	hɛgugɛgušunir
3^rd plur.	gɛgugušunjɛc	hɛgɛgugušunjɛc	gugɛgušunjɛc	hɛgugɛgušunjɛc
3^rd plur.	gɛgugušun	hɛgɛgugušun	gugɛgušun	hɛgugɛgušun

Forms of the simple tenses in the optative mood usually do not display other irregularities.

There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:

Imperfective future: forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
Resultative present: forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
Resultative past: forms of the optative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.

	imperfective future	resultative present	resultative past
1^st sing.	çɛňušū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd sing.	çɛňušir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd sing.	çɛňušɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd sing.	çɛňuš gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1^st dual	çɛňušiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd dual	çeňušiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd dual	çɛňušiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd dual	çeňušiwh gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1^st plur.	çɛňušunū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd plur.	çɛňušunir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd plur.	çɛňušunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd plur.	çɛňušun gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ

Potential mood

The potential widely features the infix -jɛʈ- (or its palatalizing version, -ɛʈ-), which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.

Four tenses are simple:

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1^st sing.	gɛgugjɛʈū	hɛgɛgugjɛʈū	gugɛgjɛʈū	hɛgugɛgjɛʈū
2^nd sing.	gɛgugjɛʈir	hɛgɛgugjɛʈir	gugɛgjɛʈir	hɛgugɛgjɛʈir
3^rd sing.	gɛgugjɛcɛc	hɛgɛgugjɛcɛc	gugɛgjɛcɛc	hɛgugɛgjɛcɛc
3^rd sing.	gɛgugjɛʈ	hɛgɛgugjɛʈ	gugɛgjɛʈ	hɛgugɛgjɛʈ
1^st dual	gɛgugjɛʈiwhū	hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwhū	gugɛgjɛʈiwhū	hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwhū
2^nd dual	gɛgugjɛʈiwhir	hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwhir	gugɛgjɛʈiwhir	hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwhir
3^rd dual	gɛgugjɛʈiwcɛc	hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwcɛc	gugɛgjɛʈiwcɛc	hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwcɛc
3^rd dual	gɛgugjɛʈiwh	hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwh	gugɛgjɛʈiwh	hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwh
1^st plur.	gɛgugjɛʈunū	hɛgɛgugjɛʈunū	gugɛgjɛʈunū	hɛgugɛgjɛʈunū
2^nd plur.	gɛgugjɛʈunir	hɛgɛgugjɛʈunir	gugɛgjɛʈunir	hɛgugɛgjɛʈunir
3^rd plur.	gɛgugjɛʈunjɛc	hɛgɛgugjɛʈunjɛc	gugɛgjɛʈunjɛc	hɛgugɛgjɛʈunjɛc
3^rd plur.	gɛgugjɛʈun	hɛgɛgugjɛʈun	gugɛgjɛʈun	hɛgugɛgjɛʈun

Forms of the simple tenses in the potential mood usually do not display other irregularities.

There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:

Imperfective future: forms of the potential present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
Resultative present: forms of the potential present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
Resultative past: forms of the potential past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.

	imperfective future	resultative present	resultative past
1^st sing.	çɛňɛʈū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd sing.	çɛňɛʈir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd sing.	çɛňɛcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd sing.	çɛňɛʈ gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈ hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈ hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1^st dual	çɛňɛʈiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd dual	çeňɛʈiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd dual	çɛňɛʈiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd dual	çeňɛʈiwh gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1^st plur.	çɛňɛʈunū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2^nd plur.	çɛňɛʈunir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd plur.	çɛňɛʈunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3^rd plur.	çɛňɛʈun gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛʈun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛʈun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ

The potential infix displays two possible forms, -jɛʈ or -^jɛʈ. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect. It merges with the 3^rd singular person ending, palatalizing -ʈ into -c.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

	indicative	subjuncitve	optative	potential
imp. pres.	gɛgugiwgɛ	gɛgugiwňiwgɛ	gɛgugušiwgɛ	gɛgugjɛʈiwgɛ
imp. past	hɛgɛgugiwgɛ	hɛgɛgugiwňiwgɛ	hɛgɛgugušiwgɛ	hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwgɛ
imp. pres.	gugɛgiwgɛ	gugɛgiwňiwgɛ	gugɛgušiwgɛ	gugɛgjɛʈiwgɛ
imp. past	hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛgugɛgiwňiwgɛ	hɛgugɛgušiwgɛ	hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwgɛ

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.

In its verbal function is usually used as object or subject of other verbs. It is the only non-finite form which has modal forms.

Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ablative case.

Participle

There are two participial forms, the agentive participle and the passive participle. Both infinitives have an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root, and they have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.

The agentive participle is formed through the ending -īdu, while the passive participle through the ending -jugiw / -ugiw.

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
agentive	gɛgugīdu	hɛgɛgugīdu	gugɛgīdu	hɛgugɛgīdu
passive	gɛgugjugiw	hɛgɛgugjugiw	gugɛgjugiw	hɛgugɛgjugiw

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun.

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.

The passive participle suffix displays two possible forms, -jugiw or -^jugiw. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.

cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎugiw
to say → said

lilušiwgɛ → lilušugiw
to see → seen

User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Contents

Conjugation of a regular verb

Indicative mood

Subjunctive mood

Optative mood

Potential mood

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

Participle

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