User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of a regular verb

Sample verb: minušjid (munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-), to twist, to bend

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid wẽv	minušjid wĩvs	minušug wẽv	minušug wĩvs
2nd sing.	minušjid wẽr	minušjid wĩrs	minušug wẽr	minušug wĩrs
3rd sing.	minušjid wẽh	minušjid wĩs	minušug wẽh	minušug wĩs
1st plur.	minušjidũ wẽnõ	minušjidũ wĩns	minušuɣĩ wẽnõ	minušuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.	minušjidũ wẽrõ	minušjidũ wĩrõs	minušuɣĩ wẽrõ	minušuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ wẽžõ	minušjidũ wĩžõs	minušuɣĩ wẽžõ	minušuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
I see you → I don't see you

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid wẽv	munišjid wĩvs	munišug wẽv	munišug wĩvs
2nd sing.	munišjid wẽr	munišjid wĩrs	munišug wẽr	munišug wĩrs
3rd sing.	munišjid wẽh	munišjid wĩs	munišug wẽh	munišug wĩs
1st plur.	munišjidũ wẽnõ	munišjidũ wĩns	munišuɣĩ wẽnõ	munišuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.	munišjidũ wẽrõ	munišjidũ wĩrõs	munišuɣĩ wẽrõ	munišuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ wẽžõ	munišjidũ wĩžõs	munišuɣĩ wẽžõ	munišuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
I used to see you → I didn't see you

The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid jẽv	minušjid jĩvs	minušug jẽv	minušug jĩvs
2nd sing.	minušjid jẽr	minušjid jĩrs	minušug jẽr	minušug jĩrs
3rd sing.	minušjid jẽh	minušjid jĩs	minušug jẽh	minušug jĩs
1st plur.	minušjidũ jẽnõ	minušjidũ jĩns	minušuɣĩ jẽnõ	minušuɣĩ jĩns
2nd plur.	minušjidũ jẽrõ	minušjidũ jĩrõs	minušuɣĩ jẽrõ	minušuɣĩ jĩrõs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ jẽžõ	minušjidũ jĩžõs	minušuɣĩ jẽžõ	minušuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I saw you → I didn't see you

The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid jẽv	munišjid jĩvs	munišug jẽv	munišug jĩvs
2nd sing.	munišjid jẽr	munišjid jĩrs	munišug jẽr	munišug jĩrs
3rd sing.	munišjid jẽh	munišjid jĩs	munišug jẽh	munišug jĩs
1st plur.	munišjidũ jẽnõ	munišjidũ jĩns	munišuɣĩ jẽnõ	munišuɣĩ jĩns
2nd plur.	munišjidũ jẽrõ	munišjidũ jĩrõs	munišuɣĩ jẽrõ	munišuɣĩ jĩrõs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ jẽžõ	munišjidũ jĩžõs	munišuɣĩ jẽžõ	munišuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I had seen you → I hadn't seen you

The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid mjov	minušjid mjuvs	minušug mjov	minušug mjuvs
2nd sing.	minušjid mjer	minušjid mjirs	minušug mjer	minušug mjirs
3rd sing.	minušjid mješ	minušjid mjiš	minušug mješ	minušug mjiš
1st plur.	minušjidũ mjõ	minušjidũ mjũs	minušuɣĩ mjõ	minušuɣĩ mjũs
2nd plur.	minušjidũ mjerõ	minušjidũ mjirũs	minušuɣĩ mjerõ	minušuɣĩ mjirũs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ mježõ	minušjidũ mjižũs	minušuɣĩ mježõ	minušuɣĩ mjižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future tense. The present forms are used to convey this tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid mjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid mjuvs
I will see you → I won't see you

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid imjov	minušjid imjuvs	minušug imjov	minušug imjuvs
2nd sing.	minušjid imir	minušjid imirs	minušug imir	minušug imirs
3rd sing.	minušjid imeš	minušjid imiš	minušug imeš	minušug imiš
1st plur.	minušjidũ imjõ	minušjidũ imjũs	minušuɣĩ imjõ	minušuɣĩ imjũs
2nd plur.	minušjidũ imirõ	minušjidũ imirũs	minušuɣĩ imirõ	minušuɣĩ imirũs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ imižõ	minušjidũ imižũs	minušuɣĩ imižõ	minušuɣĩ imižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the anterior future tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
I will have seen you → I won't have seen you

The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid imjov	munišjid imjuvs	munišug imjov	munišug imjuvs
2nd sing.	munišjid imir	munišjid imirs	munišug imir	munišug imirs
3rd sing.	munišjid imeš	munišjid imiš	munišug imeš	munišug imiš
1st plur.	munišjidũ imjõ	munišjidũ imjũs	munišuɣĩ imjõ	munišuɣĩ imjũs
2nd plur.	munišjidũ imirõ	munišjidũ imirũs	munišuɣĩ imirõ	munišuɣĩ imirũs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ imižõ	munišjidũ imižũs	munišuɣĩ imižõ	munišuɣĩ imižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future in the past tense. The past or plurperfect conditional forms are used to convey this tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
I would see you → I would not see you

The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.

The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be, replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.

	present	preterite	perfect	plusquamperfect
1st sing.	sōsunočow	asusōnočow	sōsunočagow	asusōnočagow
2nd sing.	sōsunočər	asusōnočər	sōsunočagər	asusōnočagər
3rd sing.	sōsunočeš	asusōnočeš	sōsunočageš	asusōnočageš
	sōsunoč	asusōnoč	sōsunočag	asusōnočag
1st dual	sōsunočohi	asusōnočohi	sōsunočagohi	asusōnočagohi
2nd dual	sōsunočəri	asusōnočəri	sōsunočagəri	asusōnočagəri
3rd dual	sōsunočeši	asusōnočeši	sōsunočageši	asusōnočageši
	sōsunoči	asusōnoči	sōsunočagi	asusōnočagi
1st plur.	sōsunočohon	asusōnočohon	sōsunočagohon	asusōnočagohon
2nd plur.	sōsunočəron	asusōnočəron	sōsunočagəron	asusōnočagəron
3rd plur.	sōsunočešon	asusōnočešon	sōsunočagešon	asusōnočagešon
	sōsunočon	asusōnočon	sōsunočagon	asusōnočagon

Potential mood

The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a figurative sense it may convey doubt and uncertainty.

The potential widely features the infix -eč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.

	present	preterite	perfect	plusquamperfect
1st sing.	sōsunečow	asusōnečow	sōsunečagow	asusōnečagow
2nd sing.	sōsunečər	asusōnečər	sōsunečagər	asusōnečagər
3rd sing.	sōsunečeš	asusōnečeš	sōsunečageš	asusōnečageš
	sōsuneč	asusōneč	sōsunečag	asusōnečag
1st dual	sōsunečohi	asusōnečohi	sōsunečagohi	asusōnečagohi
2nd dual	sōsunečəri	asusōnečəri	sōsunečagəri	asusōnečagəri
3rd dual	sōsunečeši	asusōnečeši	sōsunečageši	asusōnečageši
	sōsuneči	asusōneči	sōsunečagi	asusōnečagi
1st plur.	sōsunečohon	asusōnečohon	sōsunečagohon	asusōnečagohon
2nd plur.	sōsunečəron	asusōnečəron	sōsunečagəron	asusōnečagəron
3rd plur.	sōsunečešon	asusōnečešon	sōsunečagešon	asusōnečagešon
	sōsunečon	asusōnečon	sōsunečagon	asusōnečagon

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

There are two infinitival forms, the primary infinitive, which is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and the secondary infinitive. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root.

The primary infinitive is formed through the ending -em, while the secondary infinitive through the ending -iga.

	present	preterite
primary	sōsunem	asusōnem
secondary	sōsuniga	asusōniga

Both infinitives are nominal forms of a verb. They can be used as such in sentences and they can be declined. They are regarded as class II nouns.

They have different usages:

• The primary infinitive is mostly used in main clauses as a verbal noun, with modal verbs or with the negative verb īsem.
• The secondary infinitive is mostly used in dependent clauses, or in the verbal conjugation for the formation of the future tenses.

Their usage as a pure nominal form as quite limited.

Participle

There are two participial forms, the agentive participle and the passive participle. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root.

The agentive participle is formed through the ending -īdu, while the passive participle through the ending -ugi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.

	present	preterite
agentive	sōsunīdu	asusōnīdu
passive	sōsunugi	asusōnugi

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun.

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.