User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of a regular verb

Sample verb: sōsunem, to confuse

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:

1^st sing.	sōsunow
2^nd sing.	sōsunər
3^rd sing.	sōsuneš
3^rd sing.	sōsun
1^st dual	sōsunohi
2^nd dual	sōsunəri
3^rd dual	sōsuneši
3^rd dual	sōsuni
1^st plur.	sōsunohon
2^nd plur.	sōsunəron
3^rd plur.	sōsunešon
3^rd plur.	sōsunon

In the short form of the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant:

uligem → ulik
to die → he/she/it dies

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Preterite tense

The preterite is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the preterite root:

1^st sing.	asusōnow
2^nd sing.	asusōnər
3^rd sing.	asusōneš
3^rd sing.	asusōn
1^st dual	asusōnohi
2^nd dual	asusōnəri
3^rd dual	asusōneši
3^rd dual	asusōni
1^st plur.	asusōnohon
2^nd plur.	asusōnəron
3^rd plur.	asusōnešon
3^rd plur.	asusōnon

In the short form of the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant (basically the same alteration as in the present tense):

uligem → eluk
to die → he/she/it died

The preterite tense conveys completed, ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past, without any influence on the present.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a simple tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the present root:

1^st sing.	sōsunow
2^nd sing.	sōsunagər
3^rd sing.	sōsunageš
3^rd sing.	sōsunag
1^st dual	sōsunagohi
2^nd dual	sōsunagəri
3^rd dual	sōsunageši
3^rd dual	sōsunagi
1^st plur.	sōsunagohon
2^nd plur.	sōsunagəron
3^rd plur.	sōsunagešon
3^rd plur.	sōsunagon

The perfect tense conveys actions or states which have taken place in the past, but which still can have an influence on the present. It also may convey an action or a state which have begun in the past but it is still ongoing in the present.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the past root:

1^st sing.	asusōnagow
2^nd sing.	asusōnagər
3^rd sing.	asusōnageš
3^rd sing.	asusōnag
1^st dual	asusōnagohi
2^nd dual	asusōnagəri
3^rd dual	asusōnageši
3^rd dual	asusōnagi
1^st plur.	asusōnagohon
2^nd plur.	asusōnagəron
3^rd plur.	asusōnagešon
3^rd plur.	asusōnon

The plusquamperfect tense conveys actions or states which had taken place before another past action or state, but which still had an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which had begun in the past but it is still ongoing during another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the present secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:

1^st sing.	sōsuniga imēhow
2^nd sing.	sōsuniga imēhər
3^rd sing.	sōsuniga imēheš
3^rd sing.	sōsuniga imēh
1^st dual	sōsuniga imēhohi
2^nd dual	sōsuniga imēhəri
3^rd dual	sōsuniga imēheši
3^rd dual	sōsuniga imēhi
1^st plur.	sōsuniga imēhohon
2^nd plur.	sōsuniga imēhəron
3^rd plur.	sōsuniga imēhešon
3^rd plur.	sōsuniga imēhon

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the preterite secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:

1^st sing.	asusōniga imēhow
2^nd sing.	asusōniga imēhər
3^rd sing.	asusōniga imēheš
3^rd sing.	asusōniga imēh
1^st dual	asusōniga imēhohi
2^nd dual	asusōniga imēhəri
3^rd dual	asusōniga imēheši
3^rd dual	asusōniga imēhi
1^st plur.	asusōniga imēhohon
2^nd plur.	asusōniga imēhəron
3^rd plur.	asusōniga imēhešon
3^rd plur.	asusōniga imēhon

The anterior future tense conveys actions or states which will take place before another future action or state, but which will still have an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which will begin in the past of a future moment but it will be still ongoing during another future action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, with several usages. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation, desire, and wish.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -oč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -in- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	ránosinò
2^nd sing.	ránosinəh
3^rd sing.	ránosin
1^st plur.	ránosinonò
2^nd plur.	ránosinonəh
3^rd plur.	ránosinon

Forms in the subjunctive tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	tìnò	kiɣinò
2^nd sing.	tìnəh	kinîh
3^rd sing.	tìn	kìɣin
1^st plur.	tìnô	kiɣinô
2^nd plur.	tìnôh	kiɣinôh
3^rd plur.	tîn	kîɣin

Usages of the subjuntive present forms in the dependent clause are diverse. As an imperative, only the 2^nd person forms are used, while other forms have an exhortative value. The sense of wish is conveyed only in the 3^rd person.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The infix -in-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	áránosinò
2^nd sing.	áránosinəh
3^rd sing.	áránosin
1^st plur.	áránosinonò
2^nd plur.	áránosinonəh
3^rd plur.	áránosinon

Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:

	íméham	lîβam
1^st sing.	ěmehinò	êβinò
2^nd sing.	ěméhinəh	êβinéh
3^rd sing.	ěméhin	êβin
1^st plur.	ěméhinonò	êβinonò
2^nd plur.	ěméhinonəh	êβinonəh
3^rd plur.	ěméhinon	êβinon

Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	áðìnò	áɣiɣinò
2^nd sing.	áðìnəh	áɣinîh
3^rd sing.	áðìn	áɣìɣin
1^st plur.	áðìnô	áɣiɣinô
2^nd plur.	áðìnôh	áɣiɣinôh
3^rd plur.	áðîn	áɣîɣin

The usages of the subjunctive imperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Preterite tense

The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	tìnò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	tìnəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	tìn áránosíðə
1^st plur.	tìnô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	tìnôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	tîn áránosíðə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the subjunctive preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áðìnò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	áðìnəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	áðìn áránosíðə
1^st plur.	áðìnô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	áðìnôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	áðîn áránosíðə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the subjunctive plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣinò ránosam
2^nd sing.	kinîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣin ránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣinô ránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣinôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣin ránosam

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the subjunctive future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣinò áránosam
2^nd sing.	kinîh áránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣin áránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣinô áránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣinôh áránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣin áránosam

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the subjunctive anterior future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in sporadic cases.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áɣiɣinò ránosam
2^nd sing.	áɣinîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	áɣìɣin ránosam
1^st plur.	áɣiɣinô ránosam
2^nd plur.	áɣiɣinôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	áɣîɣin ránosam

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the subjunctive future in the past tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in very sporadic cases.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -as-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -as- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	ránosasò
2^nd sing.	ránosasəh
3^rd sing.	ránosas
1^st plur.	ránosasonò
2^nd plur.	ránosasonəh
3^rd plur.	ránosason

Forms in the conditional tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	tàsò	kiɣasò
2^nd sing.	tàsəh	kjâh
3^rd sing.	tàs	kjàɣ
1^st plur.	tàsô	kiɣasô
2^nd plur.	tàsôh	kiɣasôh
3^rd plur.	tâs	kjâɣ

The conditional present tense conveys its meanings in the present and in the near future. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The infix -as-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	áránosasò
2^nd sing.	áránosasəh
3^rd sing.	áránosas
1^st plur.	áránosasonò
2^nd plur.	áránosasonəh
3^rd plur.	áránosason

Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:

	íméham	lîβam
1^st sing.	ěmehasò	êβasò
2^nd sing.	ěméhasəh	êβaséh
3^rd sing.	ěméhas	êβas
1^st plur.	ěméhasonò	êβasonò
2^nd plur.	ěméhasonəh	êβasonəh
3^rd plur.	ěméhason	êβason

Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	áðàsò	áɣiɣasò
2^nd sing.	áðàsəh	áɣjâh
3^rd sing.	áðàs	áɣjàɣ
1^st plur.	áðàsô	áɣiɣasô
2^nd plur.	áðàsôh	áɣiɣasôh
3^rd plur.	áðâs	áɣjâɣ

The conditional imperfect tense conveys its meanings in the past and in the near future of a past event. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses

Preterite tense

The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	tàsò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	tàsəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	tàs áránosíðə
1^st plur.	tàsô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	tàsôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	tâs áránosíðə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áðàsò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	áðàsəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	áðàs áránosíðə
1^st plur.	áðàsô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	áðàsôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	áðâs áránosíðə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the conditional plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣasò ránosam
2^nd sing.	kjâh ránosam
3^rd sing.	kjàɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣasô ránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣasôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	kjâɣ ránosam

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the conditional future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣasò áránosam
2^nd sing.	kjâh áránosam
3^rd sing.	kjàɣ áránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣasô áránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣasôh áránosam
3^rd plur.	kjâɣ áránosam

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the conditional anterior future tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áɣiɣasò ránosam
2^nd sing.	áɣjâh ránosam
3^rd sing.	áɣjàɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	áɣiɣasô ránosam
2^nd plur.	áɣiɣasôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	áɣjâɣ ránosam

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the conditional future in the past tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.

	indicative	subjunctive	conditional
present	ránosam	ránosinam	ránosasam
past	áránosam	áránosinam	áránosasam

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2^nd class noun.

In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.

Participle

There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.

The active participle is formed through the ending -íðə, while the passive participle through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.

	present	past
active	ránosíðə	áránosíðə
passive	ránosuɣi	áránosuɣi

There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.

	lîβam
	present	past
active	lîβíðə	êβíðə
passive	lîβuɣi	êβuɣi

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, to come with the various forms of the passive participle.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
imperfect	indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
preterite	indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
plusquamperfect	indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future	indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
anterior future	indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future in the past	indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
imperfect	áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
preterite	kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
plusquamperfect	áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
future	kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
anterior future	kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
future in the past	áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
present	subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
imperfect	subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
preterite	subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
plusquamperfect	subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future	subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
anterior future	subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future in the past	subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
imperfect	áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
preterite	kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
plusquamperfect	áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
future	kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
anterior future	kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
future in the past	áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...

Conditional mood

Tense	Construction
present	conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
imperfect	conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
preterite	conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
plusquamperfect	conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future	conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
anterior future	conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future in the past	conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
imperfect	áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
preterite	kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
plusquamperfect	áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
future	kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
anterior future	kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
future in the past	áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
indicative present	indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
indicative past	indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
subjunctive present	subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
subjunctive past	subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
conditional present	conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
conditional past	conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle

Examples:

Tense	Example
indicative present	kiɣam ránosuɣi
indicative past	kiɣam áránosuɣi
subjunctive present	kiɣinam ránosuɣi
subjunctive past	kiɣinam áránosuɣi
conditional present	kiɣasam ránosuɣi
conditional past	kiɣasam áránosuɣi

User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of a regular verb

Indicative mood

Present tense

Preterite tense

Perfect tense

Plusquamperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Subjunctive mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Preterite tense

Plusquamperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Conditional mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Preterite tense

Plusquamperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

Participle

Passive diathesis

Indicative mood

Subjunctive mood

Conditional mood

Infinitive mood

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