User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII
Conjugation of regular verbs
Sample verbs: as a strong verb, toθiræm‘, to have, to own, as a weak verb, howcæm‘, to throw
Active diathesis
Indicative mood
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are directly added to the present verbal root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, to be, is shown:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The present tense conveys habitual or gnomic actions or states, but it can also convey ongoing action or states of those verbs lacking continuous tenses.
Present continuous tense
The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the present. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, to be and the modal verbs.
Past tense
The past is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
There are, however, a limited amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the verbs ojæm‘, to be, and jimæm‘, to go, is shown:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
The past tense conveys complete, habitual, or gnomic actions or states in the past, but it can also convey ongoing action or states in the past of those verbs lacking continuous tenses.
Past continuous tense
The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the past. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, to be and the modal verbs.
Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The pluperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
Future tense
The future has two possible construction, both as a compound tense:
- It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb gjixæm‘, to want, with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
- It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb jimæm‘, to go, with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Both constructions convey complete, habitual, or ongoing actions or states in the future, with slightly different meamings:
- The construction with the auxiliary verb gjixæm‘ conveys a meaning of intention and will.
- The construction with the auxiliary verb jimæm‘ conveys a meaning of unpredictability, casuality or sudden decision.
In both constructions, this tense is regarded as essentially regular, without continuous forms.
Anterior future tense
The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb jimæm‘, to go, with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
In the construction of the anterior future tense only the past forms of the auxiliary verb jimæm‘ are used. The differences in meaning in the future are not taken into consideration.
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood has overall limited usages, mostly in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is extremely limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
It distinguishes far fewer tenses than the indicative mood, only present, past and pluperfect tenses, In the present tense, the subjunctive features the infix -iñ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The infix -iñ- and the personal endings are added to the present verbal root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, to be, is shown:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Past tense
The past is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
There are, however, a limited amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the verbs ojæm‘, to be, and jimæm‘, to go, is shown:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Conditional mood
The conditional mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
It distinguishes far fewer tenses than the indicative mood, only present, continuous present and past tenses, In the present tense, the conditional features the infix -æc-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The infix -æc- and the personal endings are added to the present verbal root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, to be, is shown:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Present continuous tense
The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the present. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, to be and the modal verbs.
Past tense
The past is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last a compound form. It can take the subjunctive infix -iñ-.
It is marked by the ending -æm‘, added to the present root. The bast form is built with the infinitival form of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| present | ||||
| past | ||||
There are, however, a limited amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the verbs ojæm‘, to be, and the modal verbs. These verbs have irregular subjunctive infinitive forms:
ojæm‘ → ojñæm‘
The infinitive is mostly used with modal verbs:
- When the indicative infinitive is used with a modal verb, this keeps its original meaning:
jimof howcæm‘ I am going (somewhere) to throw
- When the subjunctive infinitive is used with a modal verb, this becomes an auxiliary verb and loses its original meaning:
jimof howciñæm‘ I am going to throw, I will throw
Moreover, both indicative and subjunctive infinitive can be used in dependent clauses.
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case, although it does not display its typical ending. It is not adjoined by the article when it has a verbal function, while the article can be used when the function of the infinitive is strictly nominal.
Participle
The participles are adjectival forms of a verb. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action. There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle.
The active participle is formed through the ending -jiθu, while the passive participle through the ending -ux‘. They have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the past root.
| present | ||||
| past | ||||
The active particle is the most irregular form in the entire verbal system. The suffix –jiθu tends to merge with last root consonant, with a palatalizing effect:
ñamjixæm‘ → ñamjiciθu
In the present forms, the suffix is added to the present root, while the past form are built through the past root. This may cause further irregularities.
In the conjugation of weak verbs, the suffix -ix- always undergoes palatalization:
-ix- → -iciθu
In the conjugation of strong verbs, besides the possible palatalization of the last root consonant, the same root can display internal irregularities, due to the introflexive process of vowel switching:
ʎiloɸæm‘ → loʎiɸjiθu ñamjixæm‘ → ñjimaciθu
The passive particle can also display some irregularities, although in a lesser amount than its active counterpart. The strong verbs may display the same irregularities in the root, but the suffix -ux‘ rarely has an altering effect on the root.
ʎiloɸæm‘ → loʎiɸux‘ ñamjixæm‘ → ñjimaxux‘
When used in the verbal conjugation, the active particle is deemed as an indeclinable form, while the past participle agrees with the clause subject in number even in the verbal conjugatiuon. In their adjectival rool, both participles display a complete conjugation.
Passive diathesis
The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, to be with the various forms of the passive participle.
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense. The passive particles always agree with the clause subject in number.
Indicative mood
| present | indicative present forms of ojæm‘ + present passive participle |
| past | indicative present forms of ojæm‘ + past passive participle |
| plusperfect | indicative past forms of ojæm‘ + past passive participle |
| future | indicative future forms of ojæm‘ + present passive participle |
| anterior future | indicative future forms of ojæm‘ + past passive participle |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb howcæm‘ is shown):
| present | owf howcux‘, ... |
| past | owf howcixux‘, ... |
| plusperfect | iwf howcixux‘, ... |
| future | gjixof ojñæm‘ howcux‘, ... |
| anterior future | gjixof ojñæm‘ howcixux‘, ... |
Subjunctive mood
| present | subjunctive present forms of ojæm‘ + present passive participle |
| past | subjunctive present forms of ojæm‘ + past passive participle |
| plusperfect | subjunctive past forms of ojæm‘ + past passive participle |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb howcæm‘ is shown):
| present | ojñof howcux‘, ... |
| past | ojñof howcixux‘, ... |
| plusperfect | ijñof howcixux‘, ... |
Conditional mood
| present | conditional present forms of ojæm‘ + present passive participle |
| past | conditional present forms of ojæm‘ + past passive participle |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb howcæm‘ is shown):
| present | ojcof howcux‘, ... |
| past | ojcof howcixux‘, ... |
Infinitive mood
| indicative present | indicative infinitive form of ojæm‘ + present passive participle |
| indicative past | indicative infinitive form of ojæm‘ + past passive participle |
| subjunctive present | subjunctive infinitive form of ojæm‘ + present passive participle |
| subjunctive past | subjunctive infinitive form of ojæm‘ + past passive participle |
Examples (only the infinitival forms of the verb howcæm‘ are shown):
| indicative present | ojæm‘ howcux‘ |
| indicative past | ojæm‘ howcixux‘ |
| subjunctive present | ojñæm‘ howcux‘ |
| subjunctive past | ojñæm‘ howcixux‘ |
