User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII
Verbs
Verbal roots in Æbbro language systematically end in a consonant. As normal for an agglutinative language, like the nouns, in verbal conjugation the tense endings are different and separated form the aspect endings and the mood endings. Endings are added to the verbal root without undergoing any alteration (excluding vowel harmony). Thus, the structure root + endings in easily recognizable:
taažo egmireggæpiid → egmir - egg - æp - iid
they could have written → to write - potential mood - perfective aspect - past tense
On the morphological level the verb display no person, or number, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
ró̱s (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
go̱ ró̱s I hear
sæ̱̏ ró̱s you (pl.) hear
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called verb cluster.
ɪ̱́g ró̱s xō past - hear - perfective
Personal pronouns are not considered to be part of the verb cluster, as they can be freely placed in other parts of the clause. Verbal particles, conversely, are strictly tied to the same verbal form.
The aspectual particles are:
| progressive | |
| perfective | |
| resultative | |
| repetitive | |
| experiential | |
| prospective |
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an habitual aspect, namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
go̱ ró̱s I hear (always)
go̱ ró̱s ña̱ I am hearing
go̱ ró̱s xō I heard
The temporal particles are:
| now | |
| past | |
| future | |
| distant past |
Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, unlike real adverbs, they are tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed:
go̱ ɪ̱́g ró̱s I used to hear (always)
go̱ kūx ró̱s ña̱ I will be hearing
go̱ rɑ̄̀ ró̱s xō I heard (right a bit ago)
Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, šı́, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and šá, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle.
| imperative | |
| prohibitive |
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. Both particles are placed at the end of the verbal cluster.
tı̀ šı́ go!
tı̀ xō šı́ go! (up to destination)
sā tı̀ šı́ ba bē ɛ́ šı́ you go, but he stay!
