Proto-Saːkdi morphology
- Main article: Proto-Saːkdi
This page gives an extensive description of Proto-Saːkdi morphological features.
As already mentioned, Proto-Saːkdi is a morphologically isolating language. Each lexeme does not undergo any morphological mutation. Syntactical roles are thus entirely expressed by syntax and word order. Lexemes can, however, combine in many derivative processes.
Nouns
Nouns in Proto-Saːkdi usually have a multisyllabic form; they very rarely have a monosyllabic form.
On the morphological level nouns display no number, case or definiteness, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
moːrɖa wolf - a wolf - the wolf - wolves - the wolves
Adjectives and pronouns
Adjectives and pronouns have their own form, but, like the nouns, they do not display any morphological change for either number, case or definiteness.
Adjectives
Attributive adjectives are always placed after the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed before them or after the verb.
rosmɔq qiːrjun a young man
qɛsʈaʡ qiːrjun rosmɔq the man is young
Numerals
The numeral system relies on a decimal base.
Cardinal numerals
The first ten cardinal numbers are forms on their own:
| pɛːm | |
| laz | |
| ħuːd | |
| ɖajr | |
| ʂuʡ | |
| towŋ | |
| kiːr | |
| ʐeːr | |
| bɔp | |
| ʂujl |
Numerals from 11 to 19 can be built:
- With the numeral unit + the numeral ʂujl, NUM + ʂujl
| pɛːmʂujl | |
| lazʂujl |
- With ʂujl + the postposition nɔ, over, + the numeral unit, ʂujl + nɔ + NUM:
| ʂujlnɔpɛːm | |
| ʂujlnɔlaz |
The numeral for (one) hundred is a form on its own:
| qijm |
The numeral (one) thousand is morphologically derived from the form for (one) hundred:
| ɴɔrqijm |
The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + (a)raz (times) + ʂujl / qijm / ɴɔrqijm:
| lazrazʂujl | lazrazqijm | lazrazɴɔrqijm | |
| ħuːdrazʂujl | ħuːdrazqijm | ħuːdrazɴɔrqijm | |
| ɖajrarazʂujl | ɖajrarazqijm | ɖajrarazɴɔrqijm | |
| ʂuʡrazʂujl | ʂuʡrazqijm | ʂuʡrazɴɔrqijm | |
| towŋrazʂujl | towŋrazqijm | towŋrazɴɔrqijm | |
| kiːrarazʂujl | kiːrarazqijm | kiːrarazɴɔrqijm | |
| ʐeːrarazʂujl | ʐeːrarazqijm | ʐeːrarazɴɔrqijm | |
| bɔprazʂujl | bɔprazqijm | bɔprazɴɔrqijm |
Numbers above the multiples of thousands have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.
Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
- 2985: lazrazɴɔrqijm bɔprazqijm ʐeːrarazʂujl ʂuʡ
As for other parts of the language, all cardinal numerals are meant as invariable forms.
Ordinal numerals
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the prefix pe- and the suffix -ta to the cardinal numeral form:
| pepɛːmta | |
| pelazta | |
| peħuːd(a)ta | |
| peɖajrta | |
| peʂuʡta | |
| petowŋta | |
| pekiːrta | |
| peʐeːrta | |
| pebɔpta | |
| peʂujlta | |
| pepɛːmʂujlta | |
| pelaz(a)ʂujlta | |
| pelazrazʂujlta | |
| peħuːdrazʂujlta | |
| petowŋrazqijmta | |
| pebɔprazɴɔrqijmta |
If the numeral form is composite, both affixes are added to every form:
- 325th: peħuːdrazqijmta pelazrazʂujlta peʂuʡta
