User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII
Verbs
Verbs in Pı̇ħ usually have a monosyllabic form, or a multisyllabic form, if morphologically derived. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
On the morphological level the verb display no person, or number, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
rjos (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
ŋọ rjos I hear
sȧ ʔẹ rjos you (pl.) hear
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called verb cluster.
hı̣wŋ rjos xȯ past - hear - perfective
Personal pronouns are not considered to be part of the verb cluster, as they can be freely placed in other parts of the clause. Verbal particles, conversely, are strictly tied to the same verbal form.
The aspectual particles are:
| progressive | |
| perfective | |
| resultative | |
| repetitive | |
| experiential | |
| prospective |
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an habitual aspect, namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
ŋọ rjos I hear (always)
ŋọ rjos ɴjạ I am hearing
ŋọ rjos xȯ I heard
The temporal particles are:
| now | |
| past | |
| future | |
| distant past |
Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, unlike real adverbs, they are tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed:
ŋọ hı̣wŋ rjos I used to hear (always)
ŋọ ku̇x rjos ɴjạ I will be hearing
ŋọ rɔj rjos xȯ I heard (right a bit ago)
Due ulteriori particelle possono essere utilizzate dopo il verbo, sjı̇, il quale esprime una forma di ordine e quindi di imperativo, e sjȧ, il quale esprime un obbligo negativo, e quindi una proibizione. particella imperativo sjı̇ proibitivo sjȧ
Queste particelle sono obbligatorie per esprimere ordini e proibizioni. Vengono generalmente usate da sole, in frasi isolate, ma possono essere accompagnate dai pronomi personali, per meglio specificare a chi dare l’ordine e dalle particelle aspettuali, le quali precedono queste forme. tı̇h sjı̇ vai!
tı̇h xȯ sjı̇ go! ()
sȧ tı̇h sjı̇ ɬa ɬė ʔjɛ̇n sjı̇ tu vai, ma lui resta!
