Proto-Uralic/A
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The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó; Mari *o, except *ë → ü)
Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (except in Permic, where the rules are unclear), red consonantal.
| Lexeme | FV example | Udmurt | Komi | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ms. / Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a) | ||||||||
| "fish" | F. kala | - | - | hal | *kuul | *kuul | *kålä | |
| "bit" | F. pala | - | - | fal | *puul | *puul | *pålä | Mari pultəš, possibly Komi palak "hole" |
| "pot" | F. pata | - | - | fazeek | *puut | *puut | - | |
| "to scoop" | F. amme- | - | - | - | *uum- | *uum- | - | |
| "marsh" | F. aro | - | - | - | *uuraj | *uurə | - | |
| "to open" | Mk. panže- | - | - | - | *puunš | *puunč | - | |
| "crow" | F. varis | - | - | varjuu | *uurin | *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- | *wər- | |
| "mountain" | S. *váré | vɯr | vɤr | - | *wur | *wuur | *wårå | F. vuori pointing to *ax |
| "to go carefully" | S. váncé- | vɯž- | vuž- | - | *wuunč- | *uunč- | *wånč- | |
| "to step" | Mk. šašto- | - | - | - | *šuuš- | *čooč- | *čåčä- | |
| Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also) | ||||||||
| "to carry" | F. kanta- | - | - | - | *kuunt | *kaant | *kån- | |
| "to steal" | F. sala- | - | - | - | *tuul- | *ɬaal- | *tål- ? | |
| "flood, lake" | F. sarajas | - | - | aar | *tuur | *ɬaar | - | |
| "to leave" | S. *kóðé- | kɯĺ- | koĺ- | haɟ- | *kuuĺ- | *kaaj- | *kåjä- | |
| "to sink" | F. vajo- | vɯjɯ- | vɤj- | vejse- | *uuj- | - | - | |
| "hut" | F. talas | tɯlɯs | - | - | *tuul | - | - | Ms = "pole". Samic *tálo; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala- |
| "to step" | F. askel- | ućkɯl- | vośkol- | - | *uusəl | - | *äsəl | Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda. |
| "white" | Mk. akša | - | - | - | - | *aaš | - | |
| "to drive" | F. aja- | uj- | voj- | - | *wujt- | - | - | ← IE *aɟe- ? |
| "to dig" | F. kaiva- | kuj- | koj- | hajiit | - | - | *käjwå- | Smy. palzn. |
| "in heat" | S. *čóðé- | - | ćual- | salad- | - | - | *såjä | F. suota? Smy palatal dissimilation? |
| "to receive" | F. saa- | - | su- | - | - | - | *tåj- | *saxi |
| "word" | F. vala | - | - | - | - | - | *wålä | |
| "in-law" | F. nato | - | - | - | - | - | *nåto | Mari nudo |
| "to rain" | F. sata- | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | |
| "sun" | F. kaja- | - | - | - | - | - | *kåjå | |
| "ground" | F. tanner | - | - | - | - | - | *tåntə- | |
| "branch" | S. *sórké | - | - | - | - | - | *tårkå | |
| "to stick" | S. *čóŋké- | - | - | - | - | - | *såŋkə- | |
| "spirit" | Mk. vajmä | - | - | - | - | - | *wäjŋ- | Smy. palzn. |
| "to stand" | Liv. saiso- | - | sidź- | - | *tuunś | *ɬaanć | - | Highly irregular: Finnish seiso-, Mordvinic *śta-, *Mari šinće- |
| Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë) | ||||||||
| "tree stump" | F. kanto | - | (gid) | - | *kɯɯnt | *kaant | - | Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong |
| "mushroom" | Mk. pango | - | - | - | *pɯɯŋk | *paaŋk | - | |
| "pole" | F. salko | - | dźal | saal | *sɯɯɣlaa | *saaɣəl | - | ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa ? |
| "wet place" | Mk. ńar | *ńur | *ńɯɯr | - | *ńɤr | |||
| "100" | Mk. śada | śu | śo | saaz | *šɯɯt | *saat | - | ← PII *śata; separate loans? |
| "gills" | S. *ńókčɤm | - | ńokćim | *ńɯɯkśəm | *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm | ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni) | Mari nošmo | |
| "hair" | S. *vóptɤ | - | - | - | *ɯɯt | *aapət | *ɤptə | |
| "cartilage" | S. *ńórkés | ńiir | *ńɯɯrəɣ | *ńaarəɣ | *ńɤr | Hungarian points to ëx, cf. next | ||
| "vein" | Mk. san | *sɤn | iin | *tɯɯn | *ɬaan | *čɤn | ëx! Finnish suoni | |
| "arrow" | Mk. nal | ńil | ńɯl | ńiil | *ńɯɯl | *ńaal | *ńɤəj | ëx! Finnish nuoli, Mari nölö ?? |
| "fish skin" | Mk. śav | *śɤm | - | *sɯɯm | *saam | Nen. śaaw ?? | ëx! Finnish suomu | |
| "bird cherry" | S. *ðómɤ | *ĺɤm | - | *ĺɯɯm | *joom | *jɤəm | ëx! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin ĺom, Mari lom | |
| "land" | F. maa | *mu | - | *mɯɯ | *meɣ | - | ëxi! Mari mu | |
| "child, cradle" | F. lapsi | - | - | - | - | - | *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə | |
| Ms. *aa, Kh. *uu / *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ï ?) | ||||||||
| "down" | F. ala- | *ul | al- | *jaal | *ɯɯl | *ɯlə | Mari ül | |
| "liver" | F. maksa | *musk | maaj | *maajət | *muuɣəɬ | *mɯtə | ||
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɯnå | |
| "to put" | F. ahta- | - | oktɯ- | - | - | *ɯɯɣət | *ɯtå- | |
| "lord" | Mk. azor | uzɯr | ozɯr | - | *aatər | - | - | |
| to be sorted | ||||||||
| "opening" | S. *vóŋɤs | ɯm | vom ~ vɤm | aj ~ aaj | - | *ooŋ | *äŋ | Mo. *oŋkśt, Mari äŋ - here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ? |
| "tame" | S. *vóńɤs | - | - | - | - | *ońɯ | *ɯńə | |
| "wall" | F. pato | - | - | fal | - | *pal | - | |
| "beginning" | F. alka- | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | Cf. *ole- "to be" ? |
| "aunt" | Mk. ańa- | ańɯ | ɤń | aanɟ, ańa | *aań- | *anəkə | Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ? | |
| "to hit" | Mk. šavo- | - | - | - | *šɯɯŋkʷ- | *čooŋk- | *čåŋå- | Samic *cáŋmé-. Note Mansi labialization! |
| "light" | F. salama | - | - | - | *sɯɯl | *sal- | *sålə | |
| "sour" | F. hapan | - | - | sava-, sooska- | *šɯɯɣ- | *čoɣ- ? | - | Coincidental? |
| "to open" | F. ava- | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɯɯŋk- | *ääŋ-? aa~ee | - | |
| "to leave" | Mk. valgo- | *wɯɯɣəl | ? aa~ee | - | Mari wole | |||
| "village" | F. palva- | - | - | falu | *pɯɯwəl | *puuɣəl | - | |
| "bitter" | F. katkera | kɤš | - | - | *kɯɯšɣə ? | *kiičə ? | - | |
| "to stretch" | S. *ńóncé- | *ńuž- | - | *ńuunš- | *ńɯɯnč | - | ||
| "meadow" | Es. aas | aź | adź | asoo | - | - | - | |
| "to hit" | Mk. ćapa- | *ćapkɯ- | čap- | - | - | - | Onomatopoetic? | |
| "to chop" | Er. čapo- | čup- | čup- | - | - | *čopam | - | S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev. |
| "brain" | F. aivo | - | - | aɟ | - | - | - | Mk. uj ? |
| "to conjure" | Er. al(s)ta- | - | - | aald- | - | *aaɬəɬ- | - | Mari ulte- |
| "to giv" | F. anta- | *ud- | ad- | - | - | - | ||
| "to shoot" | F. ampa- | ɯb- | - | - | - | - | - | S. ámpo- |
| "to be born" | Mk. šačo- | čɯžɯ- | ćuž- | - | *šašə | *čačə | *čäčə | |
| "early" | Ma. ožno | vaź | vodź | - | - | - | - | |
| "to look" | Ma. onče- | *addź- | - | - | - | - | ||
| "pale" | Ma. šapa- | - | - | saapad- | - | - | - | |
| "father-in-law" | F. appi | - | - | ipa | *up | *uup | *əpə | Mari owo |
| "value" | F. arvo | - | arta- | aar | - | - | - | ← Indo-Iranian |
| "place" | F. ase- | - | - | - | - | - | Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso | Mo. *äźem |
| "sleigh" | F. ahkio | - | - | - | - | *oɣəɬ | Nen. ŋuutuuʔ | |
| "door bolt" | F. sarana | dźɯrɯ | dźir | čir | - | - | - | Technology anachronism! F. may be from Baltic. |
| "hard" | S. *čárés | ćurɯt | ćorɯd | - | - | - | *sårə | |
| "rotten" | S. *cómcé | šudžam | žodź | - | - | - | - | Mari šać |
| "to divide" | F. jaka- | *juk | - | *jåɣtit ? | *jɯɯɣəɬ | *jɤkə- | Ms. East only | |
| "foot" | F. jalka | - | - | ɟalog | - | - | - | |
| "gruel" | Mk. jam | - | - | - | - | - | *jam ? | |
| "to take off; to be able" | F. jaksa- | *juskɯ- | - | - | - | - | Er. jukśe- | |
| "to ask" | Ma. jåda- | *jual- | - | - | - | - | ||
| "tip" | F. kasa | - | - | - | hëɟ | - | - | S. keačé |
| "to present" | Mk. kaźe- | kudźɯm | koźin | hason | - | - | *kåsɯ ? | Mari kužək |
| "to look" | F. katso- | kaźal- | - | - | - | - | - | S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "rotten" | Ma. *kåškə- | kuź | kuj | - | - | - | - | |
| "resin" | F. kata | - | - | - | - | - | *kåCə | S. kɤččé |
Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric
Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.
Mansi
| Proto-Mansi | North () | East () | South () | West () |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *aa | åå | |||
| *ɯɯ | aa | ɤɤ | ||
| *uu | uu | uu |
Khanty
| Proto-Khanty | North () | East () | South (DN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| *aa | ɔɔ | aa | aa |
| *åå | ɔɔ | ||
| *oo | uu | o | oo |
| *ɯɯ | ɯɯ | ||
| *uu | uu | uu |
