User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of verbs

Sample verbs (two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root):

Conjugation I: termel, to sell - šekel, to give
Conjugation II: ŕokmel, to lead - korel, to judge

Declarative valency

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Imperfective present

In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCe̥Cu	joCe̥Cu	joCCo̥Cu	joCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCCe̥Cu	jaCe̥Cu	jäCCo̥Cu	jäCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCCe̥Ce	jaCe̥Ce	jäCCo̥Co	jäCo̥Co
1^st plur.	CCe̥Cem	Ce̥Cem	CCo̥Com	Co̥Com
2^nd plur.	CCe̥Ceš	Ce̥Ceš	CCo̥Coš	Co̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CCe̥Cet	Ce̥Cet	CCo̥Cot	Co̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jotre̥mu	joše̥ku	joŕko̥mu	joko̥ru
2^nd sing.	jatre̥mu	jaše̥ku	jäŕko̥mu	jäko̥ru
3^rd sing.	jatre̥me	jaše̥ke	jäŕko̥mo	jäko̥ro
1^st plur.	tre̥mem	še̥kem	ŕko̥mom	ko̥rom
2^nd plur.	tre̥meš	še̥keš	ŕko̥moš	ko̥roš
3^rd plur.	tre̥met	še̥ket	ŕko̥mot	ko̥rot

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCe̥Cu	joCCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCCe̥Cu	jäCCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCCe̥Ce	jäCCo̥Co
1^st plur.	CëCe̥Cem	CëCo̥Com
2^nd plur.	CëCe̥Ceš	CëCo̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CëCe̥Cet	CëCo̥Cot

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jofke̥çu	jofso̥ru
2^nd sing.	jafke̥çu	jäfso̥ru
3^rd sing.	jafke̥çe	jäfso̥ro
1^st plur.	fëke̥çem	fëso̥rom
2^nd plur.	fëke̥çeš	fëso̥roš
3^rd plur.	fëke̥çet	fëso̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joknyse̥mu	joše̥jaku	jolqo̥xamu	jośo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jaknyse̥mu	jaše̥jaku	jälqo̥xamu	jäśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jaknyse̥me	jaše̥jake	jälqo̥xamo	jäśo̥juʔo
1^st plur.	knyse̥mem	še̥jakem	lqo̥xamom	śo̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	knyse̥meš	še̥jakeš	lqo̥xamoš	śo̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	knyse̥met	še̥jaket	lqo̥xamot	śo̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	josqäțxe̥su	jonöʔcico̥ru
2^nd sing.	jasqäțxe̥su	jänöʔcico̥ru
3^rd sing.	jasqäțxe̥se	jänöʔcico̥ro
1^st plur.	sqäțxe̥sem	nöʔcico̥rom
2^nd plur.	sqäțxe̥seš	nöʔcico̥roš
3^rd plur.	sqäțxe̥set	nöʔcico̥rot

Imperfective past

In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CCe̥Cu	Ce̥Cu	CCo̥Cu	Co̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CCe̥Cu	Ce̥Cu	CCo̥Cu	Co̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CCe̥Ce	Ce̥Ce	CCo̥Co	Co̥Co
1^st plur.	CCe̥Cim	Ce̥Cim	CCo̥Cum	Co̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CCe̥Ciš	Ce̥Ciš	CCo̥Cuš	Co̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CCe̥Cit	Ce̥Cit	CCo̥Cut	Co̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	tre̥mu	še̥ku	ŕko̥mu	ko̥ru
2^nd sing.	tre̥mu	še̥ku	ŕko̥mu	ko̥ru
3^rd sing.	tre̥me	še̥ke	ŕko̥mo	ko̥ro
1^st plur.	tre̥mim	še̥kim	ŕko̥mum	ko̥rum
2^nd plur.	tre̥miš	še̥kiš	ŕko̥muš	ko̥ruš
3^rd plur.	tre̥mit	še̥kit	ŕko̥mut	ko̥rut

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	CëCe̥Cu	CëCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CëCe̥Cu	CëCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CëCe̥Ce	CëCo̥Co
1^st plur.	CëCe̥Cim	CëCo̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CëCe̥Ciš	CëCo̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CëCe̥Cit	CëCo̥Cut

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	fëke̥çu	fëso̥ru
2^nd sing.	fëke̥çu	fëso̥ru
3^rd sing.	fëke̥çe	fëso̥ro
1^st plur.	fëke̥çim	fëso̥rum
2^nd plur.	fëke̥çiš	fëso̥ruš
3^rd plur.	fëke̥çit	fëso̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	knyse̥mu	še̥jaku	lqo̥xamu	śo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	knyse̥mu	še̥jaku	lqo̥xamu	śo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	knyse̥me	še̥jake	lqo̥xamo	śo̥juʔo
1^st plur.	knyse̥mim	še̥jakim	lqo̥xamum	śo̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	knyse̥miš	še̥jakiš	lqo̥xamuš	śo̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	knyse̥mit	še̥jakit	lqo̥xamut	śo̥juʔut

Imperfective future

In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCCe̥Cu	juCe̥Cu	juCCo̥Cu	juCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jöCCe̥Cu	jöCe̥Cu	jüCCo̥Cu	jüCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jöCCe̥Ce	jöCe̥Ce	jüCCo̥Co	jüCo̥Co
1^st plur.	ëCCe̥Cem	ëCe̥Cem	ëCCo̥Com	ëCo̥Com
2^nd plur.	ëCCe̥Ceš	ëCe̥Ceš	ëCCo̥Coš	ëCo̥Coš
3^rd plur.	ëCCe̥Cet	ëCe̥Cet	ëCCo̥Cot	ëCo̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jutre̥mu	juše̥ku	juŕko̥mu	juko̥ru
2^nd sing.	jötre̥mu	jöše̥ku	jüŕko̥mu	jüko̥ru
3^rd sing.	jötre̥me	jöše̥ke	jüŕko̥mo	jüko̥ro
1^st plur.	ëtre̥mem	ëše̥kem	ëŕko̥mom	ëko̥rom
2^nd plur.	ëtre̥meš	ëše̥keš	ëŕko̥moš	ëko̥roš
3^rd plur.	ëtre̥met	ëše̥ket	ëŕko̥mot	ëko̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	juknyse̥mu	juše̥jaku	julqo̥xamu	juśo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jöknyse̥mu	jöše̥jaku	jülqo̥xamu	jüśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jöknyse̥me	jöše̥jake	jülqo̥xamo	jüśo̥juʔo
1^st plur.	ëknyse̥mem	ëše̥jakem	ëlqo̥xamom	ëśo̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	ëknyse̥meš	ëše̥jakeš	ëlqo̥xamoš	ëśo̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	ëknyse̥met	ëše̥jaket	ëlqo̥xamot	ëśo̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jusqäțxe̥su	junöʔcico̥ru
2^nd sing.	jösqäțxe̥su	jönöʔcico̥ru
3^rd sing.	jösqäțxe̥se	jönöʔcico̥ro
1^st plur.	ësqäțxe̥sem	ënöʔcico̥rom
2^nd plur.	ësqäțxe̥seš	ënöʔcico̥roš
3^rd plur.	ësqäțxe̥set	ënöʔcico̥rot

Perfective present

In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCeCe̥Cu	jeCe̥Cu	joCoCo̥Cu	jeCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCiCe̥Cu	jiCe̥Cu	jäCuCo̥Cu	juCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCeCe̥C	jeCe̥C	jäCoCo̥C	jeCo̥C
1^st plur.	CeCe̥Cim	eCe̥Cim	CoCo̥Cum	oCo̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CiCe̥Ciš	iCe̥Ciš	CuCo̥Cuš	uCo̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CeCe̥Cit	eCe̥Cit	CoCo̥Cut	oCo̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jotere̥mu	ješe̥ku	joŕoko̥mu	jeko̥ru
2^nd sing.	jatire̥mu	jiše̥ku	jäŕuko̥mu	juko̥ru
3^rd sing.	jatere̥m	ješe̥k	jäŕoko̥m	jeko̥r
1^st plur.	tere̥mim	eše̥kim	ŕoko̥mum	oko̥rum
2^nd plur.	tire̥miš	iše̥kiš	ŕuko̥muš	uko̥ruš
3^rd plur.	tere̥mit	eše̥kit	ŕoko̥mut	oko̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	jokenyse̥mu	ješe̥jaku	joloqo̥xamu	jeśo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jakinyse̥mu	jiše̥jaku	jäluqo̥xamu	juśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jakenyse̥m	ješe̥jak	jäloqo̥xam	jeśo̥juʔ
1^st plur.	kenyse̥mim	eše̥jakim	loqo̥xamum	ośo̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	kinyse̥miš	iše̥jakiš	luqo̥xamuš	uśo̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	kenyse̥mit	eše̥jakit	loqo̥xamut	ośo̥juʔut

Perfective past

In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CeCe̥Cu	eCe̥Cu	CoCo̥Cu	oCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CiCe̥Cu	iCe̥Cu	CuCo̥Cu	uCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CeCe̥C	eCe̥C	CoCo̥C	oCo̥C
1^st plur.	CeCe̥Cem	eCe̥Cem	CoCo̥Com	oCo̥Com
2^nd plur.	CiCe̥Ceš	iCe̥Ceš	CuCo̥Coš	uCo̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CeCe̥Cet	eCe̥Cet	CoCo̥Cot	oCo̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	tere̥mu	eše̥ku	ŕoko̥mu	oko̥ru
2^nd sing.	tire̥mu	iše̥ku	ŕuko̥mu	oko̥ru
3^rd sing.	tere̥m	eše̥k	ŕoko̥m	oko̥r
1^st plur.	tere̥mem	eše̥kem	ŕoko̥mom	oko̥rom
2^nd plur.	tire̥meš	iše̥keš	ŕuko̥moš	uko̥roš
3^rd plur.	tere̥met	eše̥ket	ŕoko̥mot	oko̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	kenyse̥mu	eše̥jaku	loqo̥xamu	ośo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	kinyse̥mu	iše̥jaku	luqo̥xamu	uśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	kenyse̥m	eše̥jak	loqo̥xam	ośo̥juʔ
1^st plur.	kenyse̥mem	eše̥jakem	loqo̥xamom	ośo̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	kinyse̥meš	iše̥jakeš	luqo̥xamoš	uśo̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	kenyse̥met	eše̥jaket	loqo̥xamot	ośo̥juʔot

Perfective future

In the perfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCeCe̥Cu	juCe̥Cu	juCoCo̥Cu	juCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jöCiCe̥Cu	jöCe̥Cu	jüCuCo̥Cu	jüCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jöCeCe̥C	jöCe̥C	jüCoCo̥C	jüCo̥C
1^st plur.	ëCeCe̥Cim	ëCe̥Cim	ëCoCo̥Cum	ëCo̥Cum
2^nd plur.	ëCiCe̥Ciš	ëCe̥Ciš	ëCuCo̥Cuš	ëCo̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	ëCeCe̥Cit	ëCe̥Cit	ëCoCo̥Cut	ëCo̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jutere̥mu	juše̥ku	juŕoko̥mu	juko̥ru
2^nd sing.	jötire̥mu	jöše̥ku	jüŕuko̥mu	jüko̥ru
3^rd sing.	jötere̥m	jöše̥k	jüŕoko̥m	jüko̥r
1^st plur.	ëtere̥mim	ëše̥kim	ëŕoko̥mum	ëko̥rum
2^nd plur.	ëtire̥miš	ëše̥kiš	ëŕuko̥muš	ëko̥ruš
3^rd plur.	ëtere̥mit	ëše̥kit	ëŕoko̥mut	ëko̥rut

As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joukenyse̥mu	juše̥jaku	juloqo̥xamu	juśo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jökinyse̥mu	jöše̥jaku	jüluqo̥xamu	jüśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jökenyse̥m	jöše̥jak	jüloqo̥xam	jüśo̥juʔ
1^st plur.	ëkenyse̥mim	ëše̥jakim	ëloqo̥xamum	ëśo̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	ëkinyse̥miš	ëše̥jakiš	ëluqo̥xamuš	ëśo̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	ëkenyse̥mit	ëše̥jakit	ëloqo̥xamut	ëśo̥juʔut

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