User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verb: xuvew, to hit.

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- (which changes into -o- in the 2^{nd and} 3^rd singular persons) and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.	xuvun
2nd sing.	xuvo
3rd sing.
1st plur.	xuvum‘i
2nd plur.	xuvuv‘i
3rd plur.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -u-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	ňerow	x‘ow
1st sing.	ňerun	xown
2nd sing.	ňero	xow
3rd sing.
1st plur.	ňerum‘i	xowm‘i
2nd plur.	ňeruv‘i	xowv‘i
3rd plur.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -y- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.	xuvyn
2nd sing.	xuvy
3rd sing.
1st plur.	xuvym‘i
2nd plur.	xuvyv‘i
3rd plur.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -y-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	ňerow	x‘ow
1st sing.	ňerywn	xɔn
2nd sing.	ňeryw	xɔ
3rd sing.
1st plur.	ňerywm‘i	xɔm‘i
2nd plur.	ňerywv‘i	xɔv‘i
3rd plur.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.	xuvan
2nd sing.	xuva
3rd sing.
1st plur.	xuvam‘i
2nd plur.	xuvav‘i
3rd plur.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the perfect tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -a-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the perfect tense of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	ňerow	x‘ow
1st sing.	ňerown	xawn
2nd sing.	ňerow	xaw
3rd sing.
1st plur.	ňerowm‘i	xawm‘i
2nd plur.	ňerowv‘i	xawv‘i
3rd plur.

Present continuous tense

The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1st sing.	imun xuvoð‘i
2nd sing.	imo xuvoð‘i
3rd sing.
1st plur.	imum‘i xuvoð‘i
2nd plur.	imuv‘i xuvoð‘i
3rd plur.

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Past continuous tense

The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1st sing.	imyn xuvoð‘i
2nd sing.	imy xuvoð‘i
3rd sing.
1st plur.	imym‘i xuvoð‘i
2nd plur.	imyv‘i xuvoð‘i
3rd plur.

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative perfect forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1st sing.	iman xuvyð‘i
2nd sing.	ima xuvyð‘i
3rd sing.
1st plur.	imam‘i xuvyð‘i
2nd plur.	imav‘i xuvyð‘i
3rd plur.

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1st sing.	town xuvew
2nd sing.	tow xuvew
3rd sing.
1st plur.	towm‘i xuvew
2nd plur.	towv‘i xuvew
3rd plur.

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1st sing.	t‘yn xuvew
2nd sing.	t‘y xuvew
3rd sing.
1st plur.	t‘ym‘i xuvew
2nd plur.	t‘yv‘i xuvew
3rd plur.

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

Future perfect tense

The future perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative perfect forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1st sing.	tæn xuvew
2nd sing.	tæ xuvew
3rd sing.
1st plur.	tæm‘i xuvew
2nd plur.	tæv‘i xuvew
3rd plur.

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

Future continuous tense

The future continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative future forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1st sing.	town imew xuvoð‘i
2nd sing.	tow imew xuvoð‘i
3rd sing.
1st plur.	towm‘i imew xuvoð‘i
2nd plur.	towv‘i imew xuvoð‘i
3rd plur.

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative future forms of the verb imew, to be, and the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:

1st sing.	town imew xuvyð‘i
2nd sing.	tow imew xuvyð‘i
3rd sing.
1st plur.	towm‘i imew xuvyð‘i
2nd plur.	towv‘i imew xuvyð‘i
3rd plur.

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.

It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1^st singular person.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.	-
2nd sing.	xuvuto
3rd sing.
1st plur.	xuvum‘ito
2nd plur.	xuvuv‘ito
3rd plur.

The 2^nd and 3^rd persons display the same endings. The 3^rd persons pronouns are thus used to convey the subject, to avoid ambiguities. Conversely, 2^nd persons pronouns are usually left out:

(k’etex) xownuto!
(you) sing!

okex xownuto!
let him/her sing!

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

The infinitive is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -ew.

It displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through different endings:

present	past	perfect
xuvew	xuvow	xuvæw

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	present	past	perfect
ňerow	ňerow	ňeryw	ňeraw
x‘ow	x‘ow	x‘ɔ	x‘aw

Active participle

The active participle displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ð‘i:

present	past	perfect
xuvoð‘i	xuvyð‘i	xuvað‘i

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.

Each tense form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the active participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the active participle of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	present	past	perfect
ňerow	ňerowð‘i	ňerywð‘i	ňerawð‘i
x‘ow	x‘owð‘i	x‘ɔð‘i	x‘awð‘i

Passive participle

The passive participle displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ňə:

present	past	perfect
xuvoňə	xuvuňə	xuvaňə

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the passive participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the passive participle of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	present	past	perfect
ňerow	ňerowňə	ňerywňə	ňerawňə
x‘ow	x‘owňə	x‘ɔňə	x‘awňə

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, to be with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense, which are replaced by their non-continuous counterparts.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	indicative present forms of imew + present passive participle
past	indicative past forms of imew + present passive participle
perfect	indicative perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
pluperfect	indicative perfect forms of imew + past passive participle
future	indicative future forms of imew + present passive participle
anterior future	indicative future perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
future in the past	indicative future forms of imew + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Construction
present	imun xuvoňə, ...
past	imyn xuvoňə, ...
perfect	iman xuvoňə, ...
pluperfect	moronih imõ, ...
future	moronih imõ, ...
anterior future	moronih imõ, ...
future in the past	moronih imõ, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
present	present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
present continuous	present passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
past	past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
past continuous	past passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
perfect	present passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr
pluperfect	past passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr
future	future passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
future continuous	future passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
anterior future	present passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr
future in the past	past passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	moronih iməβõ, ...
present continuous	moronih ime iməβõ, ...
past	morunih iməβõ, ...
past continuous	morunih ime iməβõ, ...
perfect	moronih iməβũ, ...
pluperfect	morunih iməβũ, ...
future	morɔbonih iməβõ, ...
future continuous	morɔbonih ime iməβõ, ...
anterior future	moronih iməβɔbõ, ...
future in the past	morunih iməβɔbõ, ...

Imperative mood

Tense	Construction
present	present passive participle + imperative present forms of imɔr

Examples (for each tense only the 2^nd person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	moronih imodɔ, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
present	present passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
past	past passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
future	future passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr

Examples:

Tense	Construction
present	moronih imɔr
past	morunih imɔr
future	morɔbonih imɔr