User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs: as a class I verb, mōtsɛdiwgɛ, to pick up, to collect, as a class II verb, xiṡɛɣiwgɛ, to fall.

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Imperfective present tense

The imperfective present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdū	xiṡɛɣū
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdir	xiṡɛɣir
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdjɛc	xiṡɛg
1^st dual	mōtsɛdiwhū	xiṡɛɣiwhū
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdiwhir	xiṡɛɣiwhir
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdiwcɛc	xiṡɛɣiwh
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdü	xiṡɛɣü
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdür	xiṡɛɣür
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdünjɛc	xiṡɛɣün

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-^jɛc or null ending, irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.

Perfective future tense

The perfective future is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mɛtsōdū	xɛṡiɣū
2^nd sing.	mɛtsōdir	xɛṡiɣir
3^rd sing.	mɛtsōdjɛc	xɛṡig
1^st dual	mɛtsōdiwhū	xɛṡiɣiwhū
2^nd dual	mɛtsōdiwhir	xɛṡiɣiwhir
3^rd dual	mɛtsōdiwcɛc	xɛṡiɣiwh
1^st plur.	mɛtsōdü	xɛṡiɣü
2^nd plur.	mɛtsōdür	xɛṡiɣür
3^rd plur.	mmɛtsōdünjɛc	xɛṡiɣün

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-^jɛc or null ending, irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdiwçū	xiṡɛɣiwçū
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdiwçir	xiṡɛɣiwçir
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdiwčɛc	xiṡɛɣiwç
1^st dual	mōtsɛdiwçiwhū	xiṡɛɣiwçiwhū
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdiwçiwhir	xiṡɛɣiwçiwhir
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdiwçiwcɛc	xiṡɛɣiwçiwh
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdiwçü	xiṡɛɣiwçü
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdiwçür	xiṡɛɣiwçür
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdiwçünjɛc	xiṡɛɣiwçün

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3^rd singular person ending.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -īdu is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mōtsɛdīdu	xiṡɛɣīdu
2^nd sing.	mōtsɛdīdu	xiṡɛɣīdu
3^rd sing.	mōtsɛdīdu	xiṡɛɣīdu
1^st dual	mōtsɛdīduhiw	xiṡɛɣīduhiw
2^nd dual	mōtsɛdīduhiw	xiṡɛɣīduhiw
3^rd dual	mōtsɛdīduhiw	xiṡɛɣīduhiw
1^st plur.	mōtsɛdīdū	xiṡɛɣīdū
2^nd plur.	mōtsɛdīdū	xiṡɛɣīdū
3^rd plur.	mōtsɛdīdū	xiṡɛɣīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -īdu is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

	class I	class II
1^st sing.	mɛtsōdīdu	xɛṡiɣīdu
2^nd sing.	mɛtsōdīdu	xɛṡiɣīdu
3^rd sing.	mɛtsōdīdu	xɛṡiɣīdu
1^st dual	mɛtsōdīduhiw	xɛṡiɣīduhiw
2^nd dual	mɛtsōdīduhiw	xɛṡiɣīduhiw
3^rd dual	mɛtsōdīduhiw	xɛṡiɣīduhiw
1^st plur.	mɛtsōdīdū	xɛṡiɣīdū
2^nd plur.	mɛtsōdīdū	xɛṡiɣīdū
3^rd plur.	mɛtsōdīdū	xɛṡiɣīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -ün-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	moɕädünü	xixehünü	pürücünü
2^nd sing.	moɕädünir	xixehünir	pürücünir
3^rd sing.	moɕädüńäh	xixehün	pürücün
1^st plur.	moɕädünunü	xixehünunü	pürücünunü
2^nd plur.	moɕädünunir	xixehünunir	pürücünunir
3^rd plur.	moɕädünuńäh	xixehünun	pürücünun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	mäɕodünü	xexihünü	pürücigünü
2^nd sing.	mäɕodünir	xexihünir	pürücigünir
3^rd sing.	mäɕodüńäh	xexihün	pürücigün
1^st plur.	mäɕodünunü	xexihünunü	pürücigünunü
2^nd plur.	mäɕodünunir	xexihünunir	pürücigünunir
3^rd plur.	mäɕodünuńäh	xexihünun	pürücigünun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänünü moɕädīdə	cänünü xixehīdə	cänünü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	cänünir moɕädīdə	cänünir xixehīdə	cänünir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	cänün moɕädīdə	cänün xixehīdə	cänün pürücīdə
1^st plur.	cänünunü moɕädīdənə	cänünunü xixehīdənə	cänünunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänünunir moɕädīdənə	cänünunir xixehīdənə	cänünunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänünun moɕädīdənə	cänünun xixehīdənə	cänünun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänünü moɕädīdə	häcänünü xixehīdə	häcänünü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänünir moɕädīdə	häcänünir xixehīdə	häcänünir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	häcänün moɕädīdə	häcänün xixehīdə	häcänün pürücīdə
1^st plur.	häcänünunü moɕädīdənə	häcänünunü xixehīdənə	häcänünunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänünunir moɕädīdənə	häcänünunir xixehīdənə	häcänünunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänünun moɕädīdənə	häcänünun xixehīdənə	häcänünun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänünü mäɕodīdə	cänünü xexihīdə	cänünü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	cänünir mäɕodīdə	cänünir xexihīdə	cänünir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	cänün mäɕodīdə	cänün xexihīdə	cänün pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	cänünunü mäɕodīdənə	cänünunü xexihīdənə	cänünunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänünunir mäɕodīdənə	cänünunir xexihīdənə	cänünunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänünun mäɕodīdənə	cänünun xexihīdənə	cänünun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänünü mäɕodīdə	häcänünü xexihīdə	häcänünü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänünir mäɕodīdə	häcänünir xexihīdə	häcänünir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	häcänün mäɕodīdə	häcänün xexihīdə	häcänün pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	häcänünunü mäɕodīdənə	häcänünunü xexihīdənə	häcänünunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänünunir mäɕodīdənə	häcänünunir xexihīdənə	häcänünunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänünun mäɕodīdənə	häcänünun xexihīdənə	häcänünun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänünü moɕädühä	cänünü xixehühä	cänünü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	cänünir moɕädühä	cänünir xixehühä	cänünir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	cänün moɕädühä	cänün xixehühä	cänün pürücühä
1^st plur.	cänünunü moɕädühä	cänünunü xixehühä	cänünunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	cänünunir moɕädühä	cänünunir xixehühä	cänünunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	cänünun moɕädühä	cänünun xixehühä	cänünun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänünü mäɕodühä	cänünü xexihühä	cänünü pürücigühä
2^nd sing.	cänünir mäɕodühä	cänünir xexihühä	cänünir pürücigühä
3^rd sing.	cänün mäɕodühä	cänün xexihühä	cänün pürücigühä
1^st plur.	cänünunü mäɕodühä	cänünunü xexihühä	cänünunü pürücigühä
2^nd plur.	cänünunir mäɕodühä	cänünunir xexihühä	cänünunir pürücigühä
3^rd plur.	cänünun mäɕodühä	cänünun xexihühä	cänünun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänünü moɕädühä	häcänünü xixehühä	häcänünü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	häcänünir moɕädühä	häcänünir xixehühä	häcänünir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	häcänün moɕädühä	häcänün xixehühä	häcänün pürücühä
1^st plur.	häcänünunü moɕädühä	häcänünunü xixehühä	häcänünunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	häcänünunir moɕädühä	häcänünunir xixehühä	häcänünunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	häcänünun moɕädühä	häcänünun xixehühä	häcänünun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Optative mood

The optative mood is used to convey wish and desire. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The optative widely features the infix -us-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	moɕädusü	xixehusü	pürücusü
2^nd sing.	moɕädusir	xixehusir	pürücusir
3^rd sing.	moɕäduśäh	xixehus	pürücus
1^st plur.	moɕädusunü	xixehusunü	pürücusunü
2^nd plur.	moɕädusunir	xixehusunir	pürücusunir
3^rd plur.	moɕädusuńäh	xixehusun	pürücusun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	mäɕodusü	xexihusü	pürücigusü
2^nd sing.	mäɕodusir	xexihusir	pürücigusir
3^rd sing.	mäɕoduśäh	xexihus	pürücigus
1^st plur.	mäɕodusunü	xexihusunü	pürücigusunü
2^nd plur.	mäɕodusunir	xexihusunir	pürücigusunir
3^rd plur.	mäɕodusuńäh	xexihusun	pürücigusun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänusü moɕädīdə	cänusü xixehīdə	cänusü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	cänusir moɕädīdə	cänusir xixehīdə	cänusir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	cänus moɕädīdə	cänus xixehīdə	cänus pürücīdə
1^st plur.	cänusunü moɕädīdənə	cänusunü xixehīdənə	cänusunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänusunir moɕädīdənə	cänusunir xixehīdənə	cänusunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänusun moɕädīdənə	cänusun xixehīdənə	cänusun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänusü moɕädīdə	häcänusü xixehīdə	häcänusü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänusir moɕädīdə	häcänusir xixehīdə	häcänusir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	häcänus moɕädīdə	häcänus xixehīdə	häcänus pürücīdə
1^st plur.	häcänusunü moɕädīdənə	häcänusunü xixehīdənə	häcänusunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänusunir moɕädīdənə	häcänusunir xixehīdənə	häcänusunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänusun moɕädīdənə	häcänusun xixehīdənə	häcänusun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänusü mäɕodīdə	cänusü xexihīdə	cänusü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	cänusir mäɕodīdə	cänusir xexihīdə	cänusir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	cänus mäɕodīdə	cänus xexihīdə	cänus pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	cänusunü mäɕodīdənə	cänusunü xexihīdənə	cänusunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänusunir mäɕodīdənə	cänusunir xexihīdənə	cänusunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänusun mäɕodīdənə	cänusun xexihīdənə	cänusun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänusü mäɕodīdə	häcänusü xexihīdə	häcänusü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänusir mäɕodīdə	häcänusir xexihīdə	häcänusir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	häcänus mäɕodīdə	häcänus xexihīdə	häcänus pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	häcänusunü mäɕodīdənə	häcänusunü xexihīdənə	häcänusunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänusunir mäɕodīdənə	häcänusunir xexihīdənə	häcänusunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänusun mäɕodīdənə	häcänusun xexihīdənə	häcänusun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänusü moɕädühä	cänusü xixehühä	cänusü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	cänusir moɕädühä	cänusir xixehühä	cänusir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	cänus moɕädühä	cänus xixehühä	cänus pürücühä
1^st plur.	cänusunü moɕädühä	cänusunü xixehühä	cänusunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	cänusunir moɕädühä	cänusunir xixehühä	cänusunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	cänusun moɕädühä	cänusun xixehühä	cänusun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänusü mäɕodühä	cänusü xexihühä	cänusü pürücigühä
2^nd sing.	cänusir mäɕodühä	cänusir xexihühä	cänusir pürücigühä
3^rd sing.	cänus mäɕodühä	cänus xexihühä	cänus pürücigühä
1^st plur.	cänusunü mäɕodühä	cänusunü xexihühä	cänusunü pürücigühä
2^nd plur.	cänusunir mäɕodühä	cänusunir xexihühä	cänusunir pürücigühä
3^rd plur.	cänusun mäɕodühä	cänusun xexihühä	cänusun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänusü moɕädühä	häcänusü xixehühä	häcänusü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	häcänusir moɕädühä	häcänusir xixehühä	häcänusir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	häcänus moɕädühä	häcänus xixehühä	häcänus pürücühä
1^st plur.	häcänusunü moɕädühä	häcänusunü xixehühä	häcänusunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	häcänusunir moɕädühä	häcänusunir xixehühä	häcänusunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	häcänusun moɕädühä	häcänusun xixehühä	häcänusun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Potential mood

The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The potential widely features the infix -äɕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix can cause irregularities, because it palatalizes every consonant, which has a palatalized counteparts. This makes the potential the richest mood in irregularities.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	moɕäd́äɕü	xixeh́äɕü	pürüćäɕü
2^nd sing.	moɕäd́äɕir	xixeh́äɕir	pürüćäɕir
3^rd sing.	moɕäd́äɕäh	xixeh́äɕ	pürüćäɕ
1^st plur.	moɕäd́äɕunü	xixeh́äɕunü	pürüćäɕunü
2^nd plur.	moɕäd́äɕunir	xixeh́äɕunir	pürüćäɕunir
3^rd plur.	moɕäd́äɕuńäh	xixeh́äɕun	pürüćäɕun

Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3^rd singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	mäɕod́äɕü	xexih́äɕü	pürüciǵäɕü
2^nd sing.	mäɕod́äɕir	xexih́äɕir	pürüciǵäɕir
3^rd sing.	mäɕod́äɕäh	xexih́äɕ	pürüciǵäɕ
1^st plur.	mäɕod́äɕunü	xexih́äɕunü	pürüciǵäɕunü
2^nd plur.	mäɕod́äɕunir	xexih́äɕunir	pürüciǵäɕunir
3^rd plur.	mäɕod́äɕuńäh	xexih́äɕun	pürüciǵäɕun

Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3^rd singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cäńäɕü moɕädīdə	cäńäɕü xixehīdə	cäńäɕü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	cäńäɕir moɕädīdə	cäńäɕir xixehīdə	cäńäɕir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	cäńäɕ moɕädīdə	cäńäɕ xixehīdə	cäńäɕ pürücīdə
1^st plur.	cäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə	cäńäɕunü xixehīdənə	cäńäɕunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	cäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə	cäńäɕunir xixehīdənə	cäńäɕunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	cäńäɕun moɕädīdənə	cäńäɕun xixehīdənə	cäńäɕun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcäńäɕü moɕädīdə	häcäńäɕü xixehīdə	häcäńäɕü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	häcäńäɕir moɕädīdə	häcäńäɕir xixehīdə	häcäńäɕir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	häcäńäɕ moɕädīdə	häcäńäɕ xixehīdə	häcäńäɕ pürücīdə
1^st plur.	häcäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə	häcäńäɕunü xixehīdənə	häcäńäɕunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə	häcäńäɕunir xixehīdənə	häcäńäɕunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcäńäɕun moɕädīdənə	häcäńäɕun xixehīdənə	häcäńäɕun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cäńäɕü mäɕodīdə	cäńäɕü xexihīdə	cäńäɕü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	cäńäɕir mäɕodīdə	cäńäɕir xexihīdə	cäńäɕir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	cäńäɕ mäɕodīdə	cäńäɕ xexihīdə	cäńäɕ pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	cäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə	cäńäɕunü xexihīdənə	cäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	cäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə	cäńäɕunir xexihīdənə	cäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	cäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə	cäńäɕun xexihīdənə	cäńäɕun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcäńäɕü mäɕodīdə	häcäńäɕü xexihīdə	häcäńäɕü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	häcäńäɕir mäɕodīdə	häcäńäɕir xexihīdə	häcäńäɕir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	häcäńäɕ mäɕodīdə	häcäńäɕ xexihīdə	häcäńäɕ pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	häcäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə	häcäńäɕunü xexihīdənə	häcäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə	häcäńäɕunir xexihīdənə	häcäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə	häcäńäɕun xexihīdənə	häcäńäɕun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cäńäɕü moɕädühä	cäńäɕü xixehühä	cäńäɕü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	cäńäɕir moɕädühä	cäńäɕir xixehühä	cäńäɕir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	cäńäɕ moɕädühä	cäńäɕ xixehühä	cäńäɕ pürücühä
1^st plur.	cäńäɕunü moɕädühä	cäńäɕunü xixehühä	cäńäɕunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	cäńäɕunir moɕädühä	cäńäɕunir xixehühä	cäńäɕunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	cäńäɕun moɕädühä	cäńäɕun xixehühä	cäńäɕun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cäńäɕü mäɕodühä	cäńäɕü xexihühä	cäńäɕü pürücigühä
2^nd sing.	cäńäɕir mäɕodühä	cäńäɕir xexihühä	cäńäɕir pürücigühä
3^rd sing.	cäńäɕ mäɕodühä	cäńäɕ xexihühä	cäńäɕ pürücigühä
1^st plur.	cäńäɕunü mäɕodühä	cäńäɕunü xexihühä	cäńäɕunü pürücigühä
2^nd plur.	cäńäɕunir mäɕodühä	cäńäɕunir xexihühä	cäńäɕunir pürücigühä
3^rd plur.	cäńäɕun mäɕodühä	cäńäɕun xexihühä	cäńäɕun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcäńäɕü moɕädühä	häcäńäɕü xixehühä	häcäńäɕü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	häcäńäɕir moɕädühä	häcäńäɕir xixehühä	häcäńäɕir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	häcäńäɕ moɕädühä	häcäńäɕ xixehühä	häcäńäɕ pürücühä
1^st plur.	häcäńäɕunü moɕädühä	häcäńäɕunü xixehühä	häcäńäɕunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	häcäńäɕunir moɕädühä	häcäńäɕunir xixehühä	häcäńäɕunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	häcäńäɕun moɕädühä	häcäńäɕun xixehühä	häcäńäɕun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the past root. It is marked by the ending -ühä.

	class I	class II	class IIg
present	moɕädühä	xixehühä	pürücühä
past	mäɕodühä	xexihühä	pürücigühä

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined also in the plural number in this function. In this function it is also usually adjoined by the articles.

äs xemunühä
the food

Participle

There are two participial forms, the active participle and the passive participle. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such.

The active participle is formed through the ending -īdə, added to both roots.

	class I	class II	class IIg
present	moɕädīdə	xixehīdə	pürücīdə
past	mäɕodīdə	xexihīdə	pürücigīdə

The passive participle is formed through the ending -́uhi, added to both roots.

	class I	class II	class IIg
present	moɕäd́uhi	xixeh́uhi	pürüćuhi
past	mäɕod́uhi	xexih́uhi	pürüciǵuhi

Irregularities tend to occur often in the forms of the passive particles, since the ending -́uhi systematically palatalizes all preceding consonants, which have a palatalized counterpart. This makes the potential one of the richest moods in irregularities.

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is sometimes used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is widely used both in the verbal conjugation to build the passive forms and as an adjective. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.

Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.

äs mäɕod́uhi
the harvest

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb cänühä, to be with the various forms of the passive participle.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense. The passive particles always agree with the clause subject in number.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	indicative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	indicative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	indicative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	indicative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	indicative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	indicative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	indicative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cänü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cänü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcänü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
present	subjunctive present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	subjunctive past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	subjunctive present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	subjunctive past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	subjunctive future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	subjunctive future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	subjunctive future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cänünü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cänünü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcänünü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Optative mood

Tense	Construction
present	optative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	optative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	optative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	optative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	optative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	optative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	optative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cänusü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cänusü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcänusü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Potential mood

Tense	Construction
present	potential present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past	potential past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect	potential present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect	potential past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future	potential future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future	potential future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past	potential future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense	Example
present	cäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past	häcäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect	cäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect	häcäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future	cäńäɕü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future	cäńäɕü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past	häcäńäɕü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
present	infinitive form of cänühä + present passive participle
past	infinitive form of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (only the infinitival forms of the verb moɕädühä are shown):

Tense	Example
present	cänühä moɕäd́uhi
past	cänühä mäɕod́uhi

User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Imperfective present tense

Perfective future tense

Imperfective future tense

Imperfective past tense

Perfective past tense

Subjunctive mood

Present tense

Past tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Optative mood

Present tense

Past tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Potential mood

Present tense

Past tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

Participle

Passive diathesis

Indicative mood

Subjunctive mood

Optative mood

Potential mood

Infinitive mood

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