User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII
Conjugation of a regular verb
Sample verb: mɔcedəjge, to pick up, to collect
Active diathesis
Indicative mood
Imperfective present tense
The imperfective present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
In the 3rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like altering the last root consonant:
ləjužəjge → ləjuš to see → he/she/it sees
kojrəjge → kojh to hear → he/she/it hears
Imperfective future tense
The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective future tense
The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Imperfective past tense
The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
Perfective past tense
The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Conditional mood
The conditional mood is used to convey wish, desire, and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
The conditional widely features the infix -už- (altered in -uš, when ending a word), which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
Imperfective present tense
The imperfective present is a simple tense. The infix -už-/-uš- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The conditional infix -už- is changed into -uš only in final word position in the 3rd singular person.
Imperfective future tense
The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective future tense
The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Imperfective past tense
The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
Perfective past tense
The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It is marked by the ending -əjge.
| imperfective | |
| perfective |
There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitve forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.
petɔjge volare
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case. It is not adjoined by the article when it has a verbal function, while the article can be used when the function of the infinitive is strictly nominal.
Participle
There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
The active participle is formed through the ending -íðə, while the passive participle through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
| active | ||
| passive |
There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
| active | ||
| passive | ||
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
Passive diathesis
The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, to come with the various forms of the passive participle.
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
Indicative mood
| present | indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| imperfect | indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| preterite | indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| plusquamperfect | indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future | indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| anterior future | indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future in the past | indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| present | kiɣò ránosuɣi, ... |
| imperfect | áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ... |
| preterite | kiɣò áránosuɣi, ... |
| plusquamperfect | áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ... |
| future | kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
| anterior future | kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ... |
| future in the past | áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
Subjunctive mood
| present | subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| imperfect | subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| preterite | subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| plusquamperfect | subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future | subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| anterior future | subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future in the past | subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| present | kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ... |
| imperfect | áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ... |
| preterite | kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ... |
| plusquamperfect | áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ... |
| future | kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
| anterior future | kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ... |
| future in the past | áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
Conditional mood
| present | conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| imperfect | conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| preterite | conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| plusquamperfect | conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future | conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| anterior future | conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future in the past | conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| present | kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ... |
| imperfect | áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ... |
| preterite | kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ... |
| plusquamperfect | áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ... |
| future | kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
| anterior future | kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ... |
| future in the past | áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
Infinitive mood
| indicative present | indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| indicative past | indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| subjunctive present | subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| subjunctive past | subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| conditional present | conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| conditional past | conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle |
Examples:
| indicative present | kiɣam ránosuɣi |
| indicative past | kiɣam áránosuɣi |
| subjunctive present | kiɣinam ránosuɣi |
| subjunctive past | kiɣinam áránosuɣi |
| conditional present | kiɣasam ránosuɣi |
| conditional past | kiɣasam áránosuɣi |
