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Conjugation of a regular verb

Sample verb: sōsunem, to confuse

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:

1^st sing.	sōsunow
2^nd sing.	sōsunər
3^rd sing.	sōsuneš
3^rd sing.	sōsun
1^st dual	sōsunohi
2^nd dual	sōsunəri
3^rd dual	sōsuneši
3^rd dual	sōsuni
1^st plur.	sōsunohon
2^nd plur.	sōsunəron
3^rd plur.	sōsunešon
3^rd plur.	sōsunon

In the short form of the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant:

uligem → ulik
to die → he/she/it dies

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Preterite tense

The preterite is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the preterite root:

1^st sing.	asusōnow
2^nd sing.	asusōnər
3^rd sing.	asusōneš
3^rd sing.	asusōn
1^st dual	asusōnohi
2^nd dual	asusōnəri
3^rd dual	asusōneši
3^rd dual	asusōni
1^st plur.	asusōnohon
2^nd plur.	asusōnəron
3^rd plur.	asusōnešon
3^rd plur.	asusōnon

In the short form of the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant (basically the same alteration as in the present tense):

uligem → eluk
to die → he/she/it died

The preterite tense conveys completed, ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past, without any influence on the present.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a simple tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the present root:

1^st sing.	sōsunow
2^nd sing.	sōsunagər
3^rd sing.	sōsunageš
3^rd sing.	sōsunag
1^st dual	sōsunagohi
2^nd dual	sōsunagəri
3^rd dual	sōsunageši
3^rd dual	sōsunagi
1^st plur.	sōsunagohon
2^nd plur.	sōsunagəron
3^rd plur.	sōsunagešon
3^rd plur.	sōsunagon

The perfect tense conveys actions or states which have taken place in the past, but which still can have an influence on the present. It also may convey an action or a state which have begun in the past but it is still ongoing in the present.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the past root:

1^st sing.	asusōnagow
2^nd sing.	asusōnagər
3^rd sing.	asusōnageš
3^rd sing.	asusōnag
1^st dual	asusōnagohi
2^nd dual	asusōnagəri
3^rd dual	asusōnageši
3^rd dual	asusōnagi
1^st plur.	asusōnagohon
2^nd plur.	asusōnagəron
3^rd plur.	asusōnagešon
3^rd plur.	asusōnon

The plusquamperfect tense conveys actions or states which had taken place before another past action or state, but which still had an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which had begun in the past but it is still ongoing during another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the present secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:

1^st sing.	sōsuniga imēhow
2^nd sing.	sōsuniga imēhər
3^rd sing.	sōsuniga imēheš
3^rd sing.	sōsuniga imēh
1^st dual	sōsuniga imēhohi
2^nd dual	sōsuniga imēhəri
3^rd dual	sōsuniga imēheši
3^rd dual	sōsuniga imēhi
1^st plur.	sōsuniga imēhohon
2^nd plur.	sōsuniga imēhəron
3^rd plur.	sōsuniga imēhešon
3^rd plur.	sōsuniga imēhon

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the preterite secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:

1^st sing.	asusōniga imēhow
2^nd sing.	asusōniga imēhər
3^rd sing.	asusōniga imēheš
3^rd sing.	asusōniga imēh
1^st dual	asusōniga imēhohi
2^nd dual	asusōniga imēhəri
3^rd dual	asusōniga imēheši
3^rd dual	asusōniga imēhi
1^st plur.	asusōniga imēhohon
2^nd plur.	asusōniga imēhəron
3^rd plur.	asusōniga imēhešon
3^rd plur.	asusōniga imēhon

The anterior future tense conveys actions or states which will take place before another future action or state, but which will still have an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which will begin in the past of a future moment but it will be still ongoing during another future action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, with several usages. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation, desire, and wish.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -oč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.

	present	preterite	perfect	plusquamperfect
1^st sing.	sōsunočow	asusōnočow	sōsunočagow	asusōnočagow
2^nd sing.	sōsunočər	asusōnočər	sōsunočagər	asusōnočagər
3^rd sing.	sōsunočeš	asusōnočeš	sōsunočageš	asusōnočageš
3^rd sing.	sōsunoč	asusōnoč	sōsunočag	asusōnočag
1^st dual	sōsunočohi	asusōnočohi	sōsunočagohi	asusōnočagohi
2^nd dual	sōsunočəri	asusōnočəri	sōsunočagəri	asusōnočagəri
3^rd dual	sōsunočeši	asusōnočeši	sōsunočageši	asusōnočageši
3^rd dual	sōsunoči	asusōnoči	sōsunočagi	asusōnočagi
1^st plur.	sōsunočohon	asusōnočohon	sōsunočagohon	asusōnočagohon
2^nd plur.	sōsunočəron	asusōnočəron	sōsunočagəron	asusōnočagəron
3^rd plur.	sōsunočešon	asusōnočešon	sōsunočagešon	asusōnočagešon
3^rd plur.	sōsunočon	asusōnočon	sōsunočagon	asusōnočagon

Potential mood

The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a figurative sense it may convey doubt and uncertainty.

The potential widely features the infix -eč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.

	present	preterite	perfect	plusquamperfect
1^st sing.	sōsunečow	asusōnečow	sōsunečagow	asusōnečagow
2^nd sing.	sōsunečər	asusōnečər	sōsunečagər	asusōnečagər
3^rd sing.	sōsunečeš	asusōnečeš	sōsunečageš	asusōnečageš
3^rd sing.	sōsuneč	asusōneč	sōsunečag	asusōnečag
1^st dual	sōsunečohi	asusōnečohi	sōsunečagohi	asusōnečagohi
2^nd dual	sōsunečəri	asusōnečəri	sōsunečagəri	asusōnečagəri
3^rd dual	sōsunečeši	asusōnečeši	sōsunečageši	asusōnečageši
3^rd dual	sōsuneči	asusōneči	sōsunečagi	asusōnečagi
1^st plur.	sōsunečohon	asusōnečohon	sōsunečagohon	asusōnečagohon
2^nd plur.	sōsunečəron	asusōnečəron	sōsunečagəron	asusōnečagəron
3^rd plur.	sōsunečešon	asusōnečešon	sōsunečagešon	asusōnečagešon
3^rd plur.	sōsunečon	asusōnečon	sōsunečagon	asusōnečagon

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

There are two infinitival forms, the primary infinitive, which is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and the secondary infinitive. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root.

The primary infinitive is formed through the ending -em, while the secondary infinitive through the ending -iga.

	present	preterite
primary	sōsunem	asusōnem
secondary	sōsuniga	asusōniga

Both infinitives are nominal forms of a verb. They can be used as such in sentences and they can be declined. They are regarded as class II nouns.

They have different usages:

The primary infinitive is mostly used in main clauses as a verbal noun, with modal verbs or with the negative verb īsem.
The secondary infinitive is mostly used in dependent clauses, or in the verbal conjugation for the formation of the future tenses.

Their usage as a pure nominal form as quite limited.

Participle

There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.

The active participle is formed through the ending -íðə, while the passive participle through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.

	present	past
active	ránosíðə	áránosíðə
passive	ránosuɣi	áránosuɣi

There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.

	lîβam
	present	past
active	lîβíðə	êβíðə
passive	lîβuɣi	êβuɣi

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.

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