User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs: as a strong verb, toθiræm‘, to have, to own, as a weak verb, howcæm‘, to throw

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

	toθiræm‘	howcæm‘
1^st sing.	toθirof	howcof
2^nd sing.	toθiræh	howcæh
3^rd sing.	toθiræh	howcæh
1^st plur.	toθironof	howconof
2^nd plur.	toθironæh	howconæh
3^rd plur.	toθironæh	howconæh

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:

íméham → ímé
to go → he/she/it goes

namíɣam → namík
to bite → he/she/it bites

There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	tòrò	kiɣò
2^nd sing.	tôh	kîh
3^rd sing.	tòr	kìɣ
1^st plur.	tòrô	kiɣô
2^nd plur.	tòrôh	kiɣôh
3^rd plur.	tôr	kîɣ

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	áránosò
2^nd sing.	áránosəh
3^rd sing.	árános
1^st plur.	áránosonò
2^nd plur.	áránosonəh
3^rd plur.	áránoson

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:

íméham → ěmé
to go → he/she/it was going

namíɣam → ánamík
to bite → he/she/it was biting

However, most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:

	íméham	lîβam
1^st sing.	ěmehò	êβò
2^nd sing.	ěméhəh	êβéh
3^rd sing.	ěmé	êp
1^st plur.	ěméhonò	êβonò
2^nd plur.	ěméhonəh	êβonəh
3^rd plur.	ěméhon	êβon

Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	áðòrò	áɣiɣò
2^nd sing.	áðôh	áɣîh
3^rd sing.	áðòr	áɣìɣ
1^st plur.	áðòrô	áɣiɣô
2^nd plur.	áðòrôh	áɣiɣôh
3^rd plur.	áðôr	áɣîɣ

The 3^rd singular person in the imperfect tense usually display both the typical irregularities of the null ending and the typical irregularities of the augment merging. Thus it is normally cited in dictionary to exemplify the irregularities of the verbs:

lîβam (êp)
to see

The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Preterite tense

The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	tòrò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	tôh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	tòr áránosíðə
1^st plur.	tòrô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	tòrôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	tôr áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The preterite tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áðòrò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	áðôh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	áðòr áránosíðə
1^st plur.	áðòrô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	áðòrôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	áðôr áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The plusquamperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣò ránosam
2^nd sing.	kîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣô ránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣò áránosam
2^nd sing.	kîh áránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣ áránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣô áránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣôh áránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣ áránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áɣiɣò ránosam
2^nd sing.	áɣîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	áɣìɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	áɣiɣô ránosam
2^nd plur.	áɣiɣôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	áɣîɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.

In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -in-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -in- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	ránosinò
2^nd sing.	ránosinəh
3^rd sing.	ránosin
1^st plur.	ránosinonò
2^nd plur.	ránosinonəh
3^rd plur.	ránosinon

Forms in the subjunctive tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	tìnò	kiɣinò
2^nd sing.	tìnəh	kinîh
3^rd sing.	tìn	kìɣin
1^st plur.	tìnô	kiɣinô
2^nd plur.	tìnôh	kiɣinôh
3^rd plur.	tîn	kîɣin

Usages of the subjuntive present forms in the dependent clause are diverse. As an imperative, only the 2^nd person forms are used, while other forms have an exhortative value. The sense of wish is conveyed only in the 3^rd person.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The infix -in-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	áránosinò
2^nd sing.	áránosinəh
3^rd sing.	áránosin
1^st plur.	áránosinonò
2^nd plur.	áránosinonəh
3^rd plur.	áránosinon

Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:

	íméham	lîβam
1^st sing.	ěmehinò	êβinò
2^nd sing.	ěméhinəh	êβinéh
3^rd sing.	ěméhin	êβin
1^st plur.	ěméhinonò	êβinonò
2^nd plur.	ěméhinonəh	êβinonəh
3^rd plur.	ěméhinon	êβinon

Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	áðìnò	áɣiɣinò
2^nd sing.	áðìnəh	áɣinîh
3^rd sing.	áðìn	áɣìɣin
1^st plur.	áðìnô	áɣiɣinô
2^nd plur.	áðìnôh	áɣiɣinôh
3^rd plur.	áðîn	áɣîɣin

The usages of the subjunctive imperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Preterite tense

The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	tìnò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	tìnəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	tìn áránosíðə
1^st plur.	tìnô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	tìnôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	tîn áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the subjunctive preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áðìnò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	áðìnəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	áðìn áránosíðə
1^st plur.	áðìnô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	áðìnôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	áðîn áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the subjunctive plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣinò ránosam
2^nd sing.	kinîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣin ránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣinô ránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣinôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣin ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the subjunctive future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣinò áránosam
2^nd sing.	kinîh áránosam
3^rd sing.	kìɣin áránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣinô áránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣinôh áránosam
3^rd plur.	kîɣin áránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the subjunctive anterior future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in sporadic cases.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áɣiɣinò ránosam
2^nd sing.	áɣinîh ránosam
3^rd sing.	áɣìɣin ránosam
1^st plur.	áɣiɣinô ránosam
2^nd plur.	áɣiɣinôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	áɣîɣin ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the subjunctive future in the past tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in very sporadic cases.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -as-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -as- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	ránosasò
2^nd sing.	ránosasəh
3^rd sing.	ránosas
1^st plur.	ránosasonò
2^nd plur.	ránosasonəh
3^rd plur.	ránosason

Forms in the conditional tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	tàsò	kiɣasò
2^nd sing.	tàsəh	kjâh
3^rd sing.	tàs	kjàɣ
1^st plur.	tàsô	kiɣasô
2^nd plur.	tàsôh	kiɣasôh
3^rd plur.	tâs	kjâɣ

The conditional present tense conveys its meanings in the present and in the near future. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The infix -as-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	áránosasò
2^nd sing.	áránosasəh
3^rd sing.	áránosas
1^st plur.	áránosasonò
2^nd plur.	áránosasonəh
3^rd plur.	áránosason

Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:

	íméham	lîβam
1^st sing.	ěmehasò	êβasò
2^nd sing.	ěméhasəh	êβaséh
3^rd sing.	ěméhas	êβas
1^st plur.	ěméhasonò	êβasonò
2^nd plur.	ěméhasonəh	êβasonəh
3^rd plur.	ěméhason	êβason

Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1^st sing.	áðàsò	áɣiɣasò
2^nd sing.	áðàsəh	áɣjâh
3^rd sing.	áðàs	áɣjàɣ
1^st plur.	áðàsô	áɣiɣasô
2^nd plur.	áðàsôh	áɣiɣasôh
3^rd plur.	áðâs	áɣjâɣ

The conditional imperfect tense conveys its meanings in the past and in the near future of a past event. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses

Preterite tense

The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	tàsò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	tàsəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	tàs áránosíðə
1^st plur.	tàsô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	tàsôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	tâs áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áðàsò áránosíðə
2^nd sing.	áðàsəh áránosíðə
3^rd sing.	áðàs áránosíðə
1^st plur.	áðàsô áránosíðə
2^nd plur.	áðàsôh áránosíðə
3^rd plur.	áðâs áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The usages of the conditional plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣasò ránosam
2^nd sing.	kjâh ránosam
3^rd sing.	kjàɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣasô ránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣasôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	kjâɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the conditional future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	kiɣasò áránosam
2^nd sing.	kjâh áránosam
3^rd sing.	kjàɣ áránosam
1^st plur.	kiɣasô áránosam
2^nd plur.	kiɣasôh áránosam
3^rd plur.	kjâɣ áránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the conditional anterior future tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1^st sing.	áɣiɣasò ránosam
2^nd sing.	áɣjâh ránosam
3^rd sing.	áɣjàɣ ránosam
1^st plur.	áɣiɣasô ránosam
2^nd plur.	áɣiɣasôh ránosam
3^rd plur.	áɣjâɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The usages of the conditional future in the past tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.

	indicative	subjunctive	conditional
present	ránosam	ránosinam	ránosasam
past	áránosam	áránosinam	áránosasam

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2^nd class noun.

In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.

Participle

There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.

The active participle is formed through the ending -íðə, while the passive participle through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.

	present	past
active	ránosíðə	áránosíðə
passive	ránosuɣi	áránosuɣi

There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.

	lîβam
	present	past
active	lîβíðə	êβíðə
passive	lîβuɣi	êβuɣi

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, to come with the various forms of the passive participle.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
imperfect	indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
preterite	indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
plusquamperfect	indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future	indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
anterior future	indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future in the past	indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
imperfect	áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
preterite	kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
plusquamperfect	áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
future	kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
anterior future	kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
future in the past	áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
present	subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
imperfect	subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
preterite	subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
plusquamperfect	subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future	subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
anterior future	subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future in the past	subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
imperfect	áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
preterite	kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
plusquamperfect	áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
future	kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
anterior future	kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
future in the past	áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...

Conditional mood

Tense	Construction
present	conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
imperfect	conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
preterite	conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
plusquamperfect	conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future	conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
anterior future	conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future in the past	conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
imperfect	áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
preterite	kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
plusquamperfect	áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
future	kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
anterior future	kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
future in the past	áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
indicative present	indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
indicative past	indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
subjunctive present	subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
subjunctive past	subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
conditional present	conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
conditional past	conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle

Examples:

Tense	Example
indicative present	kiɣam ránosuɣi
indicative past	kiɣam áránosuɣi
subjunctive present	kiɣinam ránosuɣi
subjunctive past	kiɣinam áránosuɣi
conditional present	kiɣasam ránosuɣi
conditional past	kiɣasam áránosuɣi

User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Preterite tense

Plusquamperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Subjunctive mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Preterite tense

Plusquamperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Conditional mood

Present tense

Imperfect tense

Preterite tense

Plusquamperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

Participle

Passive diathesis

Indicative mood

Subjunctive mood

Conditional mood

Infinitive mood

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