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Basic interrogative pronouns display two different forms: one for animate entities (<small>''who?''</small>) and one for inanimate entities (<small>''what?''</small>).
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different forms: one for animate entities (<small>''who?''</small>) and one for inanimate entities (<small>''what?''</small>).


*''what'': ʂä
*''what'': ša
*''who'': ʂaj
*''who'': šá


Both pronouns can be declined, listed here in their accusative singular forms, with the nominal declension endings, according to their animacy class.
Both pronouns can be declined, with the nominal declension endings, according to their animacy class.


  çice ʂajŕä om qakohäker?
  šárem tôh áɣoɣíðə êma?
  <small>whom did you give water to?</small>
  <small>did you give bread to whom?</small>
 
However, while the animate class pronoun keeps its original meaning when declined, the inanimate class pronouns usually acquire new meanings, depending on the selected case:
 
* ʂäʈar: where (<small>static location</small>)
* ʂäŕä: where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* ʂäʂu: where... from (<small>motion form</small>)
* ʂäɣu: why (<small>cause</small>)
 
All forms can, nevertheless, keep their original meaning of “what”:
 
ʂäʂu loljyçika om qaqjyser?
<small>what didn’t you see?</small>
 
The various meanings of the declined forms can be usually inferred by the context of the sentence.


There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs):
There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs):


* ʂätujri: when
* šar: where (<small>static location</small>)
* ʂämine: how much (<small>inanimate</small>)
* šah: where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* ʂajmine: how much (<small>animate</small>)
* šaš: where... from (<small>motion form</small>)
* ʂämäw : how
* šax: why (<small>cause</small>)
* šajǔ: when
* šamê: how much (<small>inanimate</small>)
* šámê: how much (<small>animate</small>)
* šamaɣ: how


There are also the following interrogative adjectives:
There are also the following interrogative adjectives:


* ʂäko: which (<small>inanimate</small>)
* šɛgu: which (<small>inanimate</small>)
* ʂajko: which (<small>animate</small>)
* ʂāgu: which (<small>animate</small>)
* ʂämineko: how much / many (<small>inanimate</small>)
* šɛmiwni: how much / many (<small>inanimate</small>)
* ʂajmineko: how much / many (<small>animate</small>)
* ʂāmiwni: how much / many (<small>animate</small>)


Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually placed in their syntactical position, according to their role, but in the later period they increasingly tend to be moved at the beginning of the sentence. In addition, like other parts of the sentences, can be introduced by prepositions:
Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually placed in their syntactical position, according to their role, but they may also be moved at the beginning of the sentence, especially in the passive construct. In addition, like other parts of the sentences, can be introduced by prepositions:


  wuj ʂajŕä om ʈäwehuw?
  cɛgiʎugjɛc gu ʂāxjɛ?
  <small>whom are you talking about?</small>
  <small>whom are you talking about?</small>

Revision as of 03:06, 16 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different forms: one for animate entities (who?) and one for inanimate entities (what?).

  • what: ša
  • who: šá

Both pronouns can be declined, with the nominal declension endings, according to their animacy class. 

šárem tôh áɣoɣíðə êma?
did you give bread to whom?

There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs):

  • šar: where (static location)
  • šah: where (motion toward)
  • šaš: where... from (motion form)
  • šax: why (cause)
  • šajǔ: when
  • šamê: how much (inanimate)
  • šámê: how much (animate)
  • šamaɣ: how

There are also the following interrogative adjectives:

  • šɛgu: which (inanimate)
  • ʂāgu: which (animate)
  • šɛmiwni: how much / many (inanimate)
  • ʂāmiwni: how much / many (animate)

Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually placed in their syntactical position, according to their role, but they may also be moved at the beginning of the sentence, especially in the passive construct. In addition, like other parts of the sentences, can be introduced by prepositions: 

cɛgiʎugjɛc gu ʂāxjɛ?
whom are you talking about?
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