User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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Personal pronouns convey only the first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) without any distinction in number. | Personal pronouns convey only the first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) without any distinction in number. | ||
Both the first and the second person have indeed two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; the first forms convey the agentive case, and the second forms convey the passive case, the only cases originally conveyed by the personal pronoun. | Both the first and the second person have indeed two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed heteroclitic declension; the first forms convey the agentive case, and the second forms convey the passive case, the only cases originally conveyed by the personal pronoun. | ||
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These | These forms are used in a very earlier period, when the basic word order is still VSO. Later they show a marked tendency to cliticization to the verbal form. Thus, new agentive forms for the personal pronouns arise, by expanding the original roots with the morpheme '''-tu'''. The passive forms are usually not expanded, likely because they already have a '''CV''' syllabic structure. | ||
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Other cases are built by adding the case endings to these forms. These endings are freely added on both heretoclitic roots, whitout a clear choice. It is widely regarded that this choice of root in pronominal declension is still free in the pre-diasporic period. As these pronouns intrinsically refer to a semantically animate noun, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to these roots. | |||
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The genitive and ablative forms of these pronouns can play the role of indeclinable possessive adjectives or pronouns, according to their meaning. | |||
Revision as of 03:42, 11 July 2025
Pronouns
In the archaic period, pronouns are regarded as grammatical root, without an actual semantic meaning and only as grammatical referents. Their structure is thus usually (C)V(C). However, in a later pre-diasporic period, most pronominal roots are expanded to a disyllabic noun-type root, usually through the morphemes -tu and -lo.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns convey only the first two persons (1st and 2nd) without any distinction in number.
Both the first and the second person have indeed two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed heteroclitic declension; the first forms convey the agentive case, and the second forms convey the passive case, the only cases originally conveyed by the personal pronoun.
These forms are used in a very earlier period, when the basic word order is still VSO. Later they show a marked tendency to cliticization to the verbal form. Thus, new agentive forms for the personal pronouns arise, by expanding the original roots with the morpheme -tu. The passive forms are usually not expanded, likely because they already have a CV syllabic structure.
Other cases are built by adding the case endings to these forms. These endings are freely added on both heretoclitic roots, whitout a clear choice. It is widely regarded that this choice of root in pronominal declension is still free in the pre-diasporic period. As these pronouns intrinsically refer to a semantically animate noun, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to these roots.
jora |
næra | |
joʂu |
næʂu | |
joχæ |
næχæ | |
jokʰu |
nækʰu | |
As in the nominal declension, both the plural morpheme, -no, and the dual morpheme, -ʔi, can be freely placed either before or after the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
jonora |
jorano |
nænora |
nærano | |
jonoʂu |
joʂuno |
nænoʂu |
næʂuno | |
jonoχæ |
joχæno |
nænoχæ |
næχæno | |
jonokʰu |
jokʰuno |
nænokʰu |
nækʰuno | |
joʔira |
joraʔi |
næʔira |
næraʔi | |
joʔiʂu |
joʂuʔi |
næʔiʂu |
næʂuʔi | |
joʔiχæ |
joχæʔi |
næʔiχæ |
næχæʔi | |
joʔikʰu |
jokʰuʔi |
næʔikʰu |
nækʰuʔi | |
The genitive and ablative forms of these pronouns can play the role of indeclinable possessive adjectives or pronouns, according to their meaning.
