User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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Le forme alternative sono percepite come arcaiche e vengono usate nel linguaggio moderno solitamente all’interno dei testi religiosi, nei testi volutamente arcaicizzanti ed in alcune limitate formule fisse. Possono essere usate anche nel linguaggio colloquiale per enfatizzare un tono di solennità. In generale si può affermare che queste forme sono note a tutti i parlanti ma l’uso delle forme arcaicizzanti è in costante diminuzione, ad eccezione di alcuni dialetti dove rimangono vitali, se non predominanti.
The alternative forms are regarded as obsolete and they are used in modern texts only in religious texts, in intentionally archaizing texts and in some set expressions. They may be also found in colloquial language, with a sense of solemnity or irony. It can be noticed that every speaker is well aware of these alternative forms, but their usage is steadily declining (<small>except in some peripheral dialect, where their usage can be prevailing over the standard forms</small>).


Le forme del caso obliquo possono essere utilizzate senza l’ausilio delle preposizioni, acquisendo automaticamente il ruolo di complemento di termine. Queste forme e quelle del caso diretto con ruolo oggettivo tendono a precedere il verbo nella frase, seguendolo solamente quando si trovano in posizione marcata. Esempi:
The forms for the oblique case can be used alone, without any prepositions, conveying the meaning of the indirect object. When used alone, the forms for the direct and indirect object tend to be placed before the conjugated verb in the sentence. Their positioning after the verb is regarded as a marked position.
 
Examples:


  owtu he æs owf loʎiɸjiθu
  owtu he æs owf loʎiɸjiθu
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  <small>As for him, I didn't see him</small>
  <small>As for him, I didn't see him</small>


Queste forme pronominali si posizionano comunque sempre dopo la negazione.
Anyway, these pronouns are placed after the negative adverb jis.

Revision as of 04:05, 5 July 2025

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns feature a distinction between two forms for the direct case. The first form (named direct1) is used as the subject of the clauses, for every kind of verbs. The second form (named direct2) is used as the direct object of the clause, for transitive verbs, and with every preposition requiring the direct case. They do not have any forms for the basic case, the direct forms as subjects are used as vocative forms.

Moreover, the 1st person has two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension. On the other hand, the 2nd and the 3rd persons have only one root, displaying, however, a similar irregular declension.

1st sing.
2nd sing.
3rd sing.
1st plur.
2nd plur.
3rd plur.
direct1
 owtu æpjixu æstu owtun æpjixun æpstun
direct2
 ju æpji æs jun æpjin æn
oblique
 juha æpjiha æsa juna æpjina æna

There are, however, two possible forms for the second persons:

2nd sing.
2nd sing.
2nd plur.
2nd plur.
direct1
 æpjixu ercu æpjixun ercun
direct2
 æpji næ æpjin næn
oblique
 æpjiha næha æpjina næna

The alternative forms are regarded as obsolete and they are used in modern texts only in religious texts, in intentionally archaizing texts and in some set expressions. They may be also found in colloquial language, with a sense of solemnity or irony. It can be noticed that every speaker is well aware of these alternative forms, but their usage is steadily declining (except in some peripheral dialect, where their usage can be prevailing over the standard forms).

The forms for the oblique case can be used alone, without any prepositions, conveying the meaning of the indirect object. When used alone, the forms for the direct and indirect object tend to be placed before the conjugated verb in the sentence. Their positioning after the verb is regarded as a marked position.

Examples: 

owtu he æs owf loʎiɸjiθu
I didn't see him

owtu he owf loʎiɸjiθu æs
As for him, I didn't see him

Anyway, these pronouns are placed after the negative adverb jis.

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