User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
===Personal pronouns===
===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) and the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person.
Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms for the ergative case and the forms for the absolutive case.


Both the first and the second person have indeed two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case are created on both roots. On the other hand, the third person has only one root.
The first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) have indeed two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension. On the other hand, the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup>person has only one root, displaying, however, a similar declension.


{|-
{|-
Line 21: Line 21:
|}
|}


First and second person forms are meant as referents for 1<sup>st</sup> class entities; the endings for the secondary oblique cases are thus not used with them. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to the 1<sup>st</sup> or the 2<sup>nd</sup> class.
Le forme di prima e di seconda persona sono da intendersi come referenti di entità della classe I e perciò non possiedono forme per i casi obliqui secondari. La terza persona possiede invece una declinazione completa, ma l’uso dei casi rispecchia quello dei nomi a seconda che il referente sia un nome della classe I o della classe II.


In the pre-classical period another form for the third person, nigtu, is also used. This form is used in an obviative relationship with the form ɑktu, but it has already disappeared in the classical period.
Nella declinazione dei pronomi di terza persona viene introdotta una -ə- eufonica nei casi dativo, causativo ed abessivo, per evitare accumoli consonantici non permessi.


1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> person pronouns have two forms in the ablative and in the genitive case. These forms are distinguished between ''broad forms'' (owtušu, ertušu,...) and ''narrow forms'' (jošu, nɑšu,...), which have a different use:


*In the '''ablative''' case:
First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities; the endings for the secondary oblique cases are thus not used with them. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to the class I or class II.
**''Broad form'': it is used as the ablative form of the pronoun, in the main meanings of the case and with postpositions. It is also used to mark belonging (according to the role of the ablative case), playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun.
ertunošu papu ʔalolī́ponow
<small>we saw your father</small>


**''Narrow form'': it is mostly used as a direct object form for verbal infinitives and in negative sentences.
In most oblique cases in the third person an euphonic vowel -ə- is inserted between the root and the case endings.
nɑšu hṓthī́niñɑme ʔaʔī́sow
<small>I wasn't looking for you</small>
 
*In the '''genitive''' case:
**''Broad form'': it is used to mark strictly possession, playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun.
ertunora sṓgo ʔalolī́ponow
<small>we saw your house</small>
 
**''Narrow form'': it is mostly used with postpositions.
nɑra ʔḕ kogiwow
<small>I'm going to come with you</small>
 
Especially in the genitive case these roles are not unchangeably fixed, but they can shift meaning during the entire history of the language: is it indeed not impossibile to find the narrow forms with a possessive role in the later period.

Revision as of 10:11, 4 July 2025

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms for the ergative case and the forms for the absolutive case.

The first two persons (1st and 2nd) have indeed two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension. On the other hand, the 3rdperson has only one root, displaying, however, a similar declension.

1st sing.
2nd sing.
3rd sing.
1st plur.
2nd plur.
3rd plur.
ergative
 oltəw ertəw ət́lo oltəwno ertəwno ət́lono
absolutive
 jo nə ət́ jono nəno ət́no
genitive
 jora nəra ət́ra jorano nərano ət́rano
dative
 joxə nəxə ət́əxə joxəno nəxəno ət́əxəno
causative
 joxəw nəxəw ət́əxəw joxəwno nəxəwno ət́əxəwno
abessive
 ət́əgiəl ət́əgiəlno

Le forme di prima e di seconda persona sono da intendersi come referenti di entità della classe I e perciò non possiedono forme per i casi obliqui secondari. La terza persona possiede invece una declinazione completa, ma l’uso dei casi rispecchia quello dei nomi a seconda che il referente sia un nome della classe I o della classe II.

Nella declinazione dei pronomi di terza persona viene introdotta una -ə- eufonica nei casi dativo, causativo ed abessivo, per evitare accumoli consonantici non permessi.


First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities; the endings for the secondary oblique cases are thus not used with them. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to the class I or class II.

In most oblique cases in the third person an euphonic vowel -ə- is inserted between the root and the case endings.

Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII&oldid=172858"