User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
===Personal pronouns=== | ===Personal pronouns=== | ||
Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the | Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) and the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person. | ||
Both the first and the second person have indeed two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case are created on both roots. On the other hand, the third person has only one root. | |||
{|- | {|- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center><small>'' | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || oltəw || ertəw || ət́lo || oltəwno || ertəwno || ət́lono | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center><small>'' | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || jo || nə || ət́ || jono || nəno || ət́no | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || jora || nəra || ət́ra || jorano || nərano || ət́rano | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || joxə || nəxə || ət́əxə || joxəno || nəxəno || ət́əxəno | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || joxəw || nəxəw || ət́əxəw || joxəwno || nəxəwno || ət́əxəwno | |||
|- | |- | ||
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || || || ət́əgiəl || || || ət́əgiəlno | |||
|} | |} | ||
First and second person forms are meant as referents for 1<sup>st</sup> class entities; the endings for the secondary oblique cases are thus not used with them. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to the 1<sup>st</sup> or the 2<sup>nd</sup> class. | |||
In the pre-classical period another form for the third person, nigtu, is also used. This form is used in an obviative relationship with the form ɑktu, but it has already disappeared in the classical period. | |||
1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> person pronouns have two forms in the ablative and in the genitive case. These forms are distinguished between ''broad forms'' (owtušu, ertušu,...) and ''narrow forms'' (jošu, nɑšu,...), which have a different use: | |||
In | *In the '''ablative''' case: | ||
**''Broad form'': it is used as the ablative form of the pronoun, in the main meanings of the case and with postpositions. It is also used to mark belonging (according to the role of the ablative case), playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun. | |||
ertunošu papu ʔalolī́ponow | |||
<small>we saw your father</small> | |||
**''Narrow form'': it is mostly used as a direct object form for verbal infinitives and in negative sentences. | |||
nɑšu hṓthī́niñɑme ʔaʔī́sow | |||
<small>I wasn't looking for you</small> | |||
*In the '''genitive''' case: | *In the '''genitive''' case: | ||
**'' | **''Broad form'': it is used to mark strictly possession, playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun. | ||
ertunora sṓgo ʔalolī́ponow | |||
<small>we saw your house</small> | <small>we saw your house</small> | ||
**''Narrow form'': it is mostly used with postpositions. | |||
nɑra ʔḕ kogiwow | |||
<small>I'm going to come with you</small> | |||
<small>I | |||
: | Especially in the genitive case these roles are not unchangeably fixed, but they can shift meaning during the entire history of the language: is it indeed not impossibile to find the narrow forms with a possessive role in the later period. | ||
Revision as of 10:06, 4 July 2025
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the first two persons (1st and 2nd) and the 3rd person.
Both the first and the second person have indeed two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case are created on both roots. On the other hand, the third person has only one root.
| oltəw | ertəw | ət́lo | oltəwno | ertəwno | ət́lono | |
| jo | nə | ət́ | jono | nəno | ət́no | |
| jora | nəra | ət́ra | jorano | nərano | ət́rano | |
| joxə | nəxə | ət́əxə | joxəno | nəxəno | ət́əxəno | |
| joxəw | nəxəw | ət́əxəw | joxəwno | nəxəwno | ət́əxəwno | |
| ət́əgiəl | ət́əgiəlno |
First and second person forms are meant as referents for 1st class entities; the endings for the secondary oblique cases are thus not used with them. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to the 1st or the 2nd class.
In the pre-classical period another form for the third person, nigtu, is also used. This form is used in an obviative relationship with the form ɑktu, but it has already disappeared in the classical period.
1st and 2nd person pronouns have two forms in the ablative and in the genitive case. These forms are distinguished between broad forms (owtušu, ertušu,...) and narrow forms (jošu, nɑšu,...), which have a different use:
- In the ablative case:
- Broad form: it is used as the ablative form of the pronoun, in the main meanings of the case and with postpositions. It is also used to mark belonging (according to the role of the ablative case), playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun.
ertunošu papu ʔalolī́ponow we saw your father
- Narrow form: it is mostly used as a direct object form for verbal infinitives and in negative sentences.
nɑšu hṓthī́niñɑme ʔaʔī́sow I wasn't looking for you
- In the genitive case:
- Broad form: it is used to mark strictly possession, playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun.
ertunora sṓgo ʔalolī́ponow we saw your house
- Narrow form: it is mostly used with postpositions.
nɑra ʔḕ kogiwow I'm going to come with you
Especially in the genitive case these roles are not unchangeably fixed, but they can shift meaning during the entire history of the language: is it indeed not impossibile to find the narrow forms with a possessive role in the later period.
