User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities | No personal pronouns display any form for the obsolete instrumental case. First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to class I or class II. | ||
Personal pronouns have two forms in the | Personal pronouns have two forms in all cases, except for the agentive case and the passive case. These forms are distinguished between ''long forms'' (ūdjušu, irdjušu,...) and ''short forms'' (çušu, njɛšu,...), which have a different use: | ||
*In the '''genitive''' case: | *In the '''genitive''' case: | ||
Revision as of 03:39, 4 July 2025
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the agentive case and the forms in the passive case. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case is created on both roots.
| ūdju | irdju | jɛšlu | ūdjuhiw | irdjuhiw | jɛšluhiw | ūdjunu | irdjunu | jɛšlunu | |
| çu | njɛ | jɛš | çuhiw | njɛhiw | jɛšhiw | çunu | njɛnu | jɛšnu | |
| ūdjušu | irdjušu | jɛšlušu | ūdjuhiwšu | irdjuhiwšu | jɛšluhiwšu | ūdjunušu | irdjunušu | jɛšlunušu | |
| çušu | njɛšu | jɛšu | çuhiwšu | njɛhiwšu | jɛšhiwšu | çunušu | njɛnušu | jɛšnušu | |
| ūdjurɛ | irdjurɛ | jɛšlurɛ | ūdjuhiwrɛ | irdjuhiwrɛ | jɛšluhiwrɛ | ūdjunurɛ | irdjunurɛ | jɛšlunurɛ | |
| çurɛ | njɛrɛ | jɛšrɛ | çuhiwrɛ | njɛhiwrɛ | jɛšhiwrɛ | çunurɛ | njɛnurɛ | jɛšnurɛ | |
| ūdjuxjɛ | irdjuxjɛ | jɛšluxjɛ | ūdjuhiwxjɛ | irdjuhiwxjɛ | jɛšluhiwxjɛ | ūdjunuxjɛ | irdjunuxjɛ | jɛšlunuxjɛ | |
| çuxjɛ | njɛxjɛ | jɛšxjɛ | çuhiwxjɛ | njɛhiwxjɛ | jɛšhiwxjɛ | çunuxjɛ | njɛnuxjɛ | jɛšnuxjɛ | |
| ūdjuku | irdjuku | jɛšluku | ūdjuhiwku | irdjuhiwku | jɛšluhiwku | ūdjunuku | irdjunuku | jɛšlunuku | |
| çuku | njɛku | jɛšku | çuhiwku | njɛhiwku | jɛšhiwku | çunuku | njɛnuku | jɛšnuku |
No personal pronouns display any form for the obsolete instrumental case. First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to class I or class II.
Personal pronouns have two forms in all cases, except for the agentive case and the passive case. These forms are distinguished between long forms (ūdjušu, irdjušu,...) and short forms (çušu, njɛšu,...), which have a different use:
- In the genitive case:
- Long form: it is used as an indeclinable possessive adjective
ertuɕunu sōnu alolīčohon we saw your house
- Short form: it is used as the proper genitive form of the pronoun, conveying origin (esempio: from me) and with postpositions. It is also used as a direct object form for verbal infinitives and in negative sentences in the classical period.
nɛɕu hōθīnem ēsow I wasn’t looking for you
nɛɕu ēh šinohiga imēhohon I will come with you
- In the dative case:
- Long form: it is mostly used with postpositions or as a marked form of motion towards a place.
ɛštuhenu nū cɛnəhunohon I am talking about them
- Short form: it is used to strictly mark the indirect object.
šɛhe hēme agohegow I gave him bread
1st and 2nd person pronouns show, already in the classical period, a clear trend towards a nominative-accusative alignment. They tend to be declined in the agentive case with verbs which would require the passive case as unintentional subjects. This trend becomes regularity in the later period.
ju hīɕagow → oltu hīɕagow I am falling
