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Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the agentive case and the forms in the passive case. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case is created on both roots.

	1st sing.	2nd sing.	3rd sing.	1st dual.	2nd dual.	3rd dual.	1st plur.	2nd plur.	3rd plur.
agentive	ūdju	irdju	jɛšlu	ūdjuhiw	irdjuhiw	jɛšluhiw	ūdjunu	irdjunu	jɛšlunu
passive	çu	njɛ	jɛš	çuhiw	njɛhiw	jɛšhiw	çunu	njɛnu	jɛšnu
genitive	oltuɕu	ertuɕu	ɛštuɕu	oltuɕuj	ertuɕuj	ɛštuɕuj	oltuɕunu	ertuɕunu	ɛštuɕunu
	joɕu	nɛɕu	šɛɕu	juɕuj	nɛɕuj	šɛɕuj	juɕunu	nɛɕunu	šɛɕunu
dative	oltuhe	ertuhe	ɛštuhe	oltuhej	ertuhej	ɛštuhej	oltuhenu	ertuhenu	ɛštuhenu
	johe	nɛhe	šɛhe	juhej	nɛhej	šɛhej	juhenu	nɛhenu	šɛhenu
causative	oltuxu	ertuxu	ɛštuxu	oltuxuj	ertuxuj	ɛštuxuj	oltuxunu	ertuxunu	ɛštuxunu
instrumental			ɛštuxe			ɛštuxej			ɛštuxenu
locative			ɛštucar			ɛštucari			ɛštucarnu

First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities; the endings for the secondary oblique cases are thus not used with them. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to class I or class II.

Personal pronouns have two forms in the genitive and in the dative case. These forms are distinguished between long forms (oltuɕu, ertuɕu,...) and short forms (juɕu, nɛɕu,...), which have a different use:

• In the genitive case:
  • Long form: it is used as an indeclinable possessive adjective

ertuɕunu sōnu alolīčohon
we saw your house

• • Short form: it is used as the proper genitive form of the pronoun, conveying origin (esempio: from me) and with postpositions. It is also used as a direct object form for verbal infinitives and in negative sentences in the classical period.

nɛɕu hōθīnem ēsow
I wasn’t looking for you

nɛɕu ēh šinohiga imēhohon
I will come with you

• In the dative case:
  • Long form: it is mostly used with postpositions or as a marked form of motion towards a place.

ɛštuhenu nū cɛnəhunohon
I am talking about them

• • Short form: it is used to strictly mark the indirect object.

šɛhe hēme agohegow
I gave him bread

1^st and 2^nd person pronouns show, already in the classical period, a clear trend towards a nominative-accusative alignment. They tend to be declined in the agentive case with verbs which would require the passive case as unintentional subjects. This trend becomes regularity in the later period.

ju hīɕagow → oltu hīɕagow
I am falling