User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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*əjň in used mostly in dependent clauses, with any verbal forms. It is also used in main clauses in all imperative constructions.
*əjň in used mostly in dependent clauses, with any verbal forms. It is also used in main clauses in all imperative constructions.


Entrambi gli avverbi negativi presentano, tuttavia, alcuni utilizzi specifici ed eccezioni, le quali sono elencate nella successiva sezione sintattica.


:1. '''jis''' is used with the simple ''present tense'', being placed ''after'' it, and with all ''future tenses'', being placed ''between'' the auxiliary verbs and the infinitival forms.
Gli avverbi negativi vengono posti immediatamente dopo il verbo coniugato nella frase, cioè dopo di un ausiliare o di un verbo modale, ma prima di altre forme verbali.


  æl‘ soɸal‘ ñamjixæh → æl‘ soɸal‘ ñamjixæh jis
  ež huve čejun → ež huve čejun əjs
  <small>the dog bites → the dog doesn't bite</small>
  <small>the dog is sleeping → the dog isn't sleeping</small>


  æl‘ soɸal‘ jimof ñamjixæm‘ æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ jimof jis ñamjixæm‘ æl‘ vjirul‘
  ež huve pegis čejunəjge → ež huve pegis əjs čejunəjge
  <small>the dog will bite the man → the dog won't bite the man</small>
  <small>the dog can sleep → the dog cannot sleep</small>


:2. '''he''' is used with all ''compound tenses'' formed with the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', being placed ''before'' it.
ɔddo pacco hedduk ež huve čejun → ɔddo pacco hedduk ež huve čejun əjň
<small>I'm sad because the dog is sleeping → I'm sad because the dog isn't sleeping</small>


æl‘ soɸal‘ ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘
Nei testi più arcaici, tuttavia, la negazione può trovarsi stabilmente in fondo alla frase, posizione in cui può trovarsi anche nei testi moderni al fine di rendere un linguaggio aulico o arcaicizzante.
<small>the dog will bit the man → the dog didn't bite the man</small>


However, both negative adverbs can be found inside the same sentence, with every verbal tense, in their regular position (in these cases jis is placed between the auxiliary verb and the participial form). This construction may be used to strengthen or highlight the negation:
''Double negatives'' are generally '''''allowed''''', and often used.
 
æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh jis ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘
<small>the dog didn't bite the man → the dog didn't bite the man at all</small>
 
''Double negatives'' are generally '''''allowed''', but this usage is unstable and unclear.

Revision as of 06:41, 2 July 2025

Negation

The verbal negation is conveyed by two negative adverbs:

  • əjs
  • əjň

Despite being essentially synonyms, these two adverbs have strictly different grammatical and synctactical usages.

  • əjs in used in main clauses, with either indicative or conditional verbal forms.
  • əjň in used mostly in dependent clauses, with any verbal forms. It is also used in main clauses in all imperative constructions.

Entrambi gli avverbi negativi presentano, tuttavia, alcuni utilizzi specifici ed eccezioni, le quali sono elencate nella successiva sezione sintattica.

Gli avverbi negativi vengono posti immediatamente dopo il verbo coniugato nella frase, cioè dopo di un ausiliare o di un verbo modale, ma prima di altre forme verbali. 

ež huve čejun → ež huve čejun əjs
the dog is sleeping → the dog isn't sleeping

ež huve pegis čejunəjge → ež huve pegis əjs čejunəjge 
the dog can sleep → the dog cannot sleep

ɔddo pacco hedduk ež huve čejun → ɔddo pacco hedduk ež huve čejun əjň
I'm sad because the dog is sleeping → I'm sad because the dog isn't sleeping

Nei testi più arcaici, tuttavia, la negazione può trovarsi stabilmente in fondo alla frase, posizione in cui può trovarsi anche nei testi moderni al fine di rendere un linguaggio aulico o arcaicizzante.

Double negatives are generally allowed, and often used.

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