User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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* '''anterior future''': ''present'' secondary infinitive + ēmihem + ''present forms'' of īsem
* '''anterior future''': ''present'' secondary infinitive + ēmihem + ''present forms'' of īsem


The building patterns of the imperfective present and the imperfective future are essentially the same. Only the context, or some temporal hints, like adverbs, can distinguish the correct tense.
These rules do apply in every verbal mood. The moods are conveyed by the negative verb īsem.


The object of the infinitive is, notably, usually declined in the ''genitive'' case. In the colloquial language and in modern texts, conversely, this object is commonly declined in the ''direct'' case.
sobali līru aňīmašeš → sobali līru ňomīšem ēs
<small>the dog bit the man → The dog didn't bite the man</small>


suvɛ ňɛmīčɛc vīru → suvɛ hīsjɛc ňɛmīčiwgɛ vīrurɛ/vīru
In classical texts, ''double negatives'' are generally '''''not''' allowed''; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb. In the texts of the later period double negatives are increasingly common and accepted.
<small>the dog will bite the man → the dog won’t bite the man</small>
 
suvɛ čilun → suvɛ hīs čilügɛ
<small>the dog is sleeping → the dog isn’t sleeping</small>
 
As can be seen, the negative verbs can use both the third person endings, according to the class of the negated verb.
 
With modal verbs the infinitival form of the modal verb is used, while the negative verb is used in the same tense and mood of the modal verb in the positive form.
 
pjɛɣizir çɛziriwgɛ çu → hīzir pjɛɣiziwgɛ çɛziriwgɛ çu
<small>you can help me → you cannot help me</small>
 
The negation of the passive diathesis is formed, conversely, by replacing the infinitival form of the negated verb with its participle. In this form, only the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person endings of the class II are used:
vīru ňīmɛčuɣiw → vīru hīs ňīmɛčuɣiw
<small>the man is bitten → the man is not bitten</small>
 
''Double negatives'' are generally '''''not''' allowed''; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb.

Revision as of 03:57, 2 July 2025

Negation

The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative verb īsem, whose preterite root is ēs-. In the 3rd persons, only the short forms are used.

Within the sentence this verb is conjugated according to the person and the number of its subject and according to the required tense. It has the primary infinitive of the negated verb as direct object. The different tenses are conveyed by the combinations of the negative verb and the infinitival forms, according to the following patterns:

  • present: present primary infinitive + present forms of īsem
  • preterite: present primary infinitive + preterite forms of īsem
  • perfect: preterite primary infinitive + present forms of īsem
  • plusquamperfect: preterite primary infinitive + preteriteforms of īsem
  • future: present secondary infinitive + imēhem + present forms of īsem
  • anterior future: present secondary infinitive + ēmihem + present forms of īsem

These rules do apply in every verbal mood. The moods are conveyed by the negative verb īsem. 

sobali līru aňīmašeš → sobali līru ňomīšem ēs
the dog bit the man → The dog didn't bite the man

In classical texts, double negatives are generally not allowed; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb. In the texts of the later period double negatives are increasingly common and accepted.

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