User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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* '''present''': ''present'' primary infinitive + ''present forms'' of īsem | * '''present''': ''present'' primary infinitive + ''present forms'' of īsem | ||
* '''preterite''': ''present'' primary infinitive + ''preterite forms'' of īsem | |||
* '''perfect''': ''preterite'' primary infinitive + ''present forms'' of īsem | |||
* '''plusquamperfect''': ''preterite'' primary infinitive + ''preteriteforms'' of īsem | |||
* '''future''': ''present'' secondary infinitive + imēhem + ''present forms'' of īsem | |||
* '''anterior future''': ''present'' secondary infinitive + ēmihem + ''present forms'' of īsem | |||
The building patterns of the imperfective present and the imperfective future are essentially the same. Only the context, or some temporal hints, like adverbs, can distinguish the correct tense. | The building patterns of the imperfective present and the imperfective future are essentially the same. Only the context, or some temporal hints, like adverbs, can distinguish the correct tense. | ||
Revision as of 03:54, 2 July 2025
Negation
The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative verb īsem, whose preterite root is ēs-. In the 3rd persons, only the short forms are used.
Within the sentence this verb is conjugated according to the person and the number of its subject and according to the required tense. It has the primary infinitive of the negated verb as direct object. The different tenses are conveyed by the combinations of the negative verb and the infinitival forms, according to the following patterns:
- present: present primary infinitive + present forms of īsem
- preterite: present primary infinitive + preterite forms of īsem
- perfect: preterite primary infinitive + present forms of īsem
- plusquamperfect: preterite primary infinitive + preteriteforms of īsem
- future: present secondary infinitive + imēhem + present forms of īsem
- anterior future: present secondary infinitive + ēmihem + present forms of īsem
The building patterns of the imperfective present and the imperfective future are essentially the same. Only the context, or some temporal hints, like adverbs, can distinguish the correct tense.
The object of the infinitive is, notably, usually declined in the genitive case. In the colloquial language and in modern texts, conversely, this object is commonly declined in the direct case.
suvɛ ňɛmīčɛc vīru → suvɛ hīsjɛc ňɛmīčiwgɛ vīrurɛ/vīru the dog will bite the man → the dog won’t bite the man
suvɛ čilun → suvɛ hīs čilügɛ the dog is sleeping → the dog isn’t sleeping
As can be seen, the negative verbs can use both the third person endings, according to the class of the negated verb.
With modal verbs the infinitival form of the modal verb is used, while the negative verb is used in the same tense and mood of the modal verb in the positive form.
pjɛɣizir çɛziriwgɛ çu → hīzir pjɛɣiziwgɛ çɛziriwgɛ çu you can help me → you cannot help me
The negation of the passive diathesis is formed, conversely, by replacing the infinitival form of the negated verb with its participle. In this form, only the 3rd person endings of the class II are used:
vīru ňīmɛčuɣiw → vīru hīs ňīmɛčuɣiw the man is bitten → the man is not bitten
Double negatives are generally not allowed; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb.
