User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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The building patterns of the imperfective present and the imperfective future are essentially the same. Only the context, or some temporal hints, like adverbs, can distinguish the correct tense. | The building patterns of the imperfective present and the imperfective future are essentially the same. Only the context, or some temporal hints, like adverbs, can distinguish the correct tense. | ||
The object of the infinitive, | The object of the infinitive is, notably, usually declined in the ''genitive'' case. In the colloquial language and in modern texts, conversely, this object is commonly declined in the ''direct'' case. | ||
suvɛ ňɛmīčɛc vīru → suvɛ hīsjɛc ňɛmīčiwgɛ vīrurɛ/vīru | |||
<small>the dog | <small>the dog will bite the man → the dog won’t bite the man</small> | ||
suvɛ čilun → suvɛ hīs čilügɛ | |||
<small>the dog is sleeping → the dog isn’t sleeping</small> | <small>the dog is sleeping → the dog isn’t sleeping</small> | ||
Revision as of 02:09, 2 July 2025
Negation
The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative verb hīziwgɛ. As it has a monosyllabic root, it does not display a perfective root.
Within the sentence this verb is conjugated according to the person and the number of its subject and according to the required tense. It has the indicative infinitival form of the negated verb as direct object, which is placed right after the negative verb itself. Aspect and tense are conveyed by the combinations of the negative verb and the infinitival forms, according to the following patterns:
| Imperfective present | present forms of hīziwgɛ + imperfective infinitive |
| Imperfective future | present forms of hīziwgɛ + imperfective infinitive |
| Perfective future | present forms of hīziwgɛ + perfective infinitive |
| Imperfective past | past forms of hīziwgɛ + imperfective infinitive |
| Perfective past | past forms of hīziwgɛ + perfective infinitive |
The building patterns of the imperfective present and the imperfective future are essentially the same. Only the context, or some temporal hints, like adverbs, can distinguish the correct tense.
The object of the infinitive is, notably, usually declined in the genitive case. In the colloquial language and in modern texts, conversely, this object is commonly declined in the direct case.
suvɛ ňɛmīčɛc vīru → suvɛ hīsjɛc ňɛmīčiwgɛ vīrurɛ/vīru the dog will bite the man → the dog won’t bite the man
suvɛ čilun → suvɛ hīs čilügɛ the dog is sleeping → the dog isn’t sleeping
As can be seen, the negative verbs can use both the third person endings, according to the rules and the animacy degrees conveyed by the negated verb.
In compound tenses the infinitival form of the auxiliary is placed in the secondary position, while the negative verb is used in the same tense and mood of the auxiliary verb in the positive form.
çɛňir çu çɛsēriwgɛ → hīsir çu çɛsēriwgɛ çɛňiwgɛ you will be helping me → you will not be helping me
Double negatives are generally not allowed; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb.
In later texts the usage of the infinitive gets increasingly confused, often agreeing with the negative verb in mood.
